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Australian Sailing CBH Rating

The Australian Sports Boat Association has adopted CBH Rating run by Australian Sailing as its primary rating system. The changed from Yacht Rating Services Australia's SMS Rating to Australian Sailing's CBH Rating was approved by the ASBA Members at a Special general Meeting on the 24th November 2022 as the members agreed that the CBH rating system would suit the changing needs of the ASBA.

The Class Based Handicap (CBH) formula has now been updated to align it with World Sailing’s Equipment Rules definitions and remedy some other previously identified issues. This change will ensure the rating is more inclusive, allowing a wider range of Trailable Yacht and Sports Boat Classes access to a CBH rating.

As a result of the changes to the model and definitions the Trailable Yacht & Sports Boat Rule has been amended to reflect these changes and has now become the CBH Rating System.

In addition, the National Committee has been disbanded and the CBH ratings function will be administered internally by Australian Sailing staff. Australian Sailing will also coordinate the hosting of the National Championships, in line with the way other Australian Sailing events are managed.

The new Rating System is intended to

• Provide a National System for even and fair racing on handicap in a mixed fleet of Trailable Yachts and / or Sports Boats • Ensure transparency across the rating system  • Allow Trailable Yacht and Sports Boat owners to gain a new CBH at any time of the year • Support Australian Sailing in its work to promote Trailable Yacht and Sports Boat racing activities within the states and territories and at national level.

For all the information on Australian Sailing CBH rating, application and rating list, head over to their  resource's website

Sailing Australia has also created several resources to help owners with the transition to CBH:

Where to get CBH Information

Does your sports boat need measuring for CBH

Who can measure a sports boat for a CBH rating

How does a sports boat get measured for CBH

CBH and light ship condition

Applying for a CBH rating

CBH listing is publicly available

Preparing sports boat safety equipment

Current Boat CBH ratings

Lodging your CBH data with Sailing Australia

ASBA LTP Handicap

The Australian Sports Boat Association has adopted ASBA LTP as a secondary handicapping system. ASBA LTP is a performance handicap system developed by Top Yacht. A boat’s ASBA LTP Handicap will adjust over the course of an ASBA regatta and recalculated after each ASBA regatta and displayed ready for the next regatta.

The ASBA Handicaps are based on the long-term performance of the Sports Boat. If a Sports Boat does not have a ASBA LTP Handicap a starting handicap will be allocated be the ASBA committee. This handicap is applied to the elapsed time of the boat to obtain its corrected time for the race.

The ASBA has seen a need to create a performance handicap system for the fleet and working with Top Yacht the ASBA LTP Handicap was best suited as it does not just use results over a few races. The long term considers results over a longer period of time to make the best average handicap. This takes out the highs and lows that some performance handicaps can have. The Australian Sports Boat Association's committee discusses feedback from members and presents this to the Top Yacht’s Handicapping Committee to get the best out of the handicap system. A list of boats and handicaps have been compiled by Top Yacht. Boats and their handicaps get added and updated by Top Yacht as they sail with the fleet.

Current Boat ASBA LTP Handicaps

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National CBH Listing

Victorian trailable yacht division position (vtyd) on "new" vs "old" cbh.

In 2018 Australian Sailing undertook a review of the Class Based Handicap (CBH) System and the Australian Trailable Yacht and Sports Boat Rule (ATYSBR). This review was undertaken at the request of the VTYD with the intention of finding a way to make the rule and CBH more inclusive.

The underlying position of the VTYD was that the "Old" CBH system worked extremely well for the majority of established classes and was proven by decades of racing. Where the old system fell down was in creating an accessible way of allowing modified boats, One of a Kind (OAK) boats, new classes of boats and new sports boat designs to obtain a rating with which to race competitively. This varied between receiving a rating that was highly speculative, or not receiving a rating at all due to non-compliance with some elements of the rule (such as centrecase location, compainionway location, overall width etc.

Between 2019 and present Australian Sailing have been implementing a "New" CBH based on applying a different mathematical formula to boat measurements. This formula has been evolving since 2019 and the number of boast with accurate measurement data has been increasing, however there are still many gaps in the data and outliers in boat ratings.

Beyond this there have been many changed to what were previously considered 'proven' ratings comparisons (ie many boats racing in the 0.725-0.728 bracket) which have seen considerable change due to the formula. 

In Victoria 95% of racing fleets race in what is considerd to be standard class configuration . With this in mind it is the opinion of the VTYD that the New CBH does not yet meet its initial objective of creating an system that will promote increased levels of participation in Trailable Yacht racing in Victoria.

Where the VTYD does see an immediate potential to increase participation is in using the New CBH system to rate Sporstboats, albeit there are ongoing disputes around the definition of a sportsboat.

2019 CBH Listing & Australian Trailable Yacht and Sports Boat Rule

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Rules & Handicaps

THE RACING RULES OF SAILING 2021 – 2024

Every sport follows a set of rules and regulations, and sailing is no different. All sailors should take the time to learn the rules, and comply with them sufficiently. Breaching the rules may lead to a protest hearing, and more serious consequences that affect the safety of everyone on the water.  

The Racing Rules of Sailing (RRS) governs the sport of sailboat and sailboard racing. It is revised and published every four years by World Sailing. The current edition is The RRS 2021 – 2024.  

Rules sessions are sometimes held at the Club if you’d like to learn more, so keep an eye on our events page.

The current Racing Rules of Sailing (Blue Book) including the Australian Sailing Prescriptions are available to download here . The office does not have hard copies.  

Please download what you need by visiting  Racing Rules 2017-2020

PERFORMANCE HANDICAP EXPLAINED

All boats at RYCV have a performance handicap. By definition, this performance handicap indicates the performance of each boat in the Club relative to other boats in the Club.

Do not confuse a measurement rating (such as AMS or IRC) with a performance handicap. Ratings are calculated from measurements of the boats hull, rig and sails, and once calculated will not change unless changes are made to the boat. A boat’s performance handicap will probably change after each race.

Performance handicaps are generated and recalculated in accordance with the Performance Handicap Rules.   A copy of these Rules are available  here .

Since September 2014, Royals has been using a software package called TopYacht. This has replaced the system we have used for many years, namely PAT. TopYacht calculates the results of each race and also recalculates the handicap for each boat for the next race.

When a boat enters a Club race, it will be allocated a performance handicap for that race, called its Allocated Handicap (AH). This AH will be taken from the TopYacht database (or will be supplied by the Club Handicapper).

This performance handicap is a single figure Time Correction Factor (TCF) and is used to convert a boat’s elapsed race time to a corrected time. Thus, if a boat takes 100 minutes to complete the race and its Performance Handicap (or TCF) was 0.75 the its corrected time (CT) will be 75 minutes (100 x 0.75).

The boat with the lowest corrected time (CT) is the race winner.

After each Club race the TopYacht programme will calculate data for each boat, namely:

• The corrected time (the boat with the lowest CT being the winner).
• The back calculated handicap (BHC). This is the handicap that each boat actually achieved in the race. Boats in the top half of the results list will have BCH values above their AH and boats at the bottom half below their AH.
• The Calculated Handicap (CHC) for each boat. This is the handicap for each boat in its next race.

The CHC is calculated as follows:

      CHC = (2 x AH + BCH)/3 For example if the AH was 0.800 and the BCH was 0.815, then       CHC= (0.8 x 2 + 0.815) = 805

However if you read the YV Handicap Rules, you will note terms such as LBCH, LBCHU, LBCHL and LBCHD. We call these Clamped Handicaps, namely:  

The YV Rules have recognised that on some occasions other factors come into race results. There could be a drop in wind soon after part of the fleet finishes or same boats could have a problem on the water but choose to finish. Accordingly we use “clamps”. Clamps limit the change of the Back Calculated Handicap (BCH) and produce a Limited Back Calculated Handicap (LBCH).

Currently the clamps are 4% on handicaps and 8% on a discard. Accordingly, if the BCH is greater than 104% or between 96% and 92% the BCH is limited to 104% and 96% respectively (clamping the BCH to 4%). However if the BCH is less than 92% of the AH then the result is discarded for handicap recalculation purposes and the CHC remains unchanged.

On a historical note, performance handicap calculations have changed over the years. In the 1960’s boats that came first, second or third had their handicap increased by a fixed %. This later changed to recording the boat’s last 8 BCHs, discarding the best and two worst results and averaging the remaining 5. The change to the current method (as described above) has been relatively recent.

The current recalculation method is more immediately responsive to changes in the boat’s performance and requires fewer results for a boat to have a valid handicap.

If you have any questions, please contact John Duffin who can usually answer them. The Performance Handicap System has been operating in its current form for about 60 years. It is not perfect, if it were we would have all boats tied for first place each race!

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Welcome to AMS & SMS

When the Australian Measurement System (AMS) was created in 1997, most racing keelboats were being designed to the IMS rule, which was rapidly declining throughout the world and particularly in Australia.

Over the years the fleet changed dramatically and most designs are now optimised to a single figure, time on time correction rating system. Designers have experimented with new designs and have found ways to optimise the designs to fit these systems. This has placed older or less optimised designs at a disadvantage.

The Australian Measurement System was updated in 2012 with the launch of AMS2 and this has been very successful in updating the mathematics to accommodate modern designs. With new technology and innovative designs, it is impossible to remove all of the inequities on a permanent basis, so the system will now be updated on a 4 year cycle in line with the issue of each new Racing Rules of Sailing.

The Sportsboat Measurement System (SMS) was introduced in 2008 and during the years has grown substantially. It is now being adopted in a number of other countries and includes many different classes that fit the definitions of a sportsboat. In the same way that AMS2 was updated, SMS has been updated during 2012.

SMS has expanded internationally and operates in a number of countries. The AMS will also be launched to international markets under the brand of Keelboat Measurement System International (KMSi).

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• Performance Handicapping: A Sailor’s-Guide
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PHS in this document means “Performance Handicap System”. It relates to a handicap system that adjusts a boat’s handicap after each race based on the “performance” of that boat relative to another boat(s) in that particular fleet.

From the TopYacht point of view, PHS is the mathematics used to calculate the new handicap for each boat after each race. TopYacht provides over 20 parameters that the club can adjust to calculate the next handicap.

“Measured Boat” Handicapping.

Measured boat handicapping is where a number of dimensions and criteria such as weight of a boat are measured and these are input into a special computer formula. The formula will then provide a handicap figure that is designed to make this boat as ‘equivalent’ as possible to other measured boats using the same model. To make matters more complex, there are several different models that produce different outcomes. The Measured boat handicap value remains constant for the life of the boat. Boats may require remeasuring if the ‘officials’ elect to change the model, or the owner carries out some alterations to the boat or rig.  Measured boat handicapping is not the topic of this paper.

“Performance” Handicapping (PHS).

Measured performance strives to provide handicaps for all competitors by comparing their performance with the performance of other competitors. Note the deliberately used term “competitor”. Under this system the boat along with its skipper and crew are being compared with other “competitors”. The same boat with a different crew may perform somewhat differently. Measured performance handicapping makes no attempt to distinguish whether the performance is due to the boat or her crew but rather they are consider as a single entity called a ”competitor”.

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Dinghy & otb catamaran yardsticks.

Below are the links to the current lists of AS Yardsticks for OTB Catamarans and Dinghies.

For Clubs using Sailwave, you can download a csv file of the yardsticks  HERE  NOTE: this file will need to be saved as a CSV prior to uploading into Sailwave

For any other Yardstick queries please  email Sport Services

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Program File currently Version 2.4 - Check your version!          Count-up File

This program has been written as it was seen by some participants in handicap events that it was too difficult for an individual PRO or handicapper to keep a handle on a dozen or more yachts and make adjustments to their handicaps manually.   Trevor Jeffree did an initial concept design in Microsoft excel which seemed to work simply by recording the differences between the finishing times of the yachts in a race.   Ben Morris then agreed to simplify the mechanics of the process making it easier to use and be able to be run by one (preferable two) persons.   It has undergone considerable development and has been used successfully for SARYA Interclub and club handicap events.

Introduction

The program was initially designed for handicap races between clubs as a team event and still retains that option though it works equally well within a club for their handicap events.   It is designed to run on standard Microsoft Excel software on a PC.   It is written in version of office 2003 so should work fine in all subsequent versions. There may be some issues trying to run it on the later Apple version of office on an Apple computer.

The main reason behind the production of the program was to allow sailors/yachts of unequal ability to compete together and allow all yachts to have an equal chance of winning overall.

The races use a staggered start so slowest yachts start first and faster yachts begin later.   This is achieved using a ‘count-up’ timer.  

In this way all yachts get the opportunity to actually make it to the finishing line first something the slower yachts never experience in a standard scratch race.

The starting times (handicap starts) are generated by an excel program after each race and relayed to the competitors.   All times are rounded off to the nearest 5 seconds.

The number of races is currently limited to 12 (but could be expanded I suppose) and the number of competitors to 25 which is more than enough radio yachts to be on the water in a race at the once.

Setting up the event

The program file is best placed in a separate folder with an appropriate name such as ‘Handicap Results’ etc.   The ‘Master’ file is opened and data entered into it as described on the first sheet in the program and includes listing the names of the sailors, their sail number (as a number!) and either a club or class of yacht in the third column (Click on heading to change it from club <> class.   A name for the event and the date of the event are required to be typed at the top of the sheet and the ‘Save/Save as’ button pressed.   This saves the file with a new name and preserves the ‘Master’ program in its empty state for the next race.

It is critical that your excel program is set to ‘Allow all content’ or ‘Allows Macros’ as most of the processing that occurs in the file is done in VBA (visual basic for applications).

It is also critical to remember in excel that if you change the content of a cell e.g. the one for the event name or the one for the date or one for the sailors or sail Nos or later for times etc then the information IS NOT committed or saved to the spreadsheet until you leave the cell and move to another cell so get into the habit of either clicking in another cell or pressing the ‘Tab’ key or pressing the ‘Enter’ key to move from the current cell.   Moving with the mouse to an action button directly from an edited cell and clicking on the action button WILL NOT WORK!   Excel is waiting for the edited cell to be accepted by moving to another cell first.

Writing the names of the competitors in a standard way will make the display on screen and in the printed results look better.   I write the surname first in block capitals and a given name of preferred name in lower case eg MORRIS Ben or JEFFREE Trevor.   Whatever you use keep it consistent. One of the options is to order by names.  The result will depend how you have written the names as it arranges them in alphabetical order so the first name written is the one it will sort by.

It is also critical that sail numbers are NOT ALTERED once the process starts as the program will falter as it tries to find information that is no longer there so GET IT RIGHT from the start!   Names of sailors are not so critical so they can be altered at any time and not interfere with the program.

How it works

Handicaps for the next race are based on the differences between the finishing times of the yachts.   The handicap is averaged over the last two races .

The first two races are used to generate a handicap (or vary an Initial Handicap) for subsequent races though they are both still counted in the results.   The first race is a scratch race where as expected the faster yachts finish first and the slower ones later.   The finishing times are recorded on the timing sheet by pressing (single click) on the button corresponding to the sail number of the finishing yacht as it crosses the line.   Finishing times will be recorded to 1/10 th sec accuracy and then rounded to the nearest 5 sec.   The sail number on the yacht button will change to red.   Meanwhile the counter on the screen will have started.   Once all yachts have crossed the line and their button clicked, the counter will stop and the handicaps for the next race are calculated by pressing the ‘Set/Reset Handicaps for next Race’ button.   The list will be displayed and the times for the starts need to be relayed to the skippers.   I use a paper sheet listing all yachts in Sail number order to write the times down which is then available for perusal.   This is probably easier than trying to have skippers huddling around a computer screen or calling out the times.   See what works for you.

The handicaps for the second race are deliberately set to double what might be expected from the time differences in the first race.   This allows for the slower yachts to finish first and the faster ones to come in last so balancing the results from the first race.   The ‘real’ handicap times for the first race and a reworked set of times from the second race found by subtracting the starting times are averaged for race 3.   These values should be roughly ½ the values found from the first race.   Why use two races and not just the first as a starting point?   Well skippers tend to work the system and try to outguess the handicapper.   This process goes some way to eliminating that effect.   Even if a fast boat tanks in the first race and so does better in the second than might be expected, their handicap for the third will reflect this and so compensate!   There are no drops built into the scoring of the final results so they have to carry the results for those next few races where their handicap will put them further back in the field.   In addition there is an algorithm built in to generate a maximum time for a race which precludes a very late finisher from getting too large a handicap change by limiting its finishing time in the calculations to this maximum time.   It works! The use of an Initial Handicap even if only close to expected final value reduces the variations in handicaps derived from first two races but ends up with the same result.

From race 3 onward, the handicaps will stabilise and move a little up or down depending on how the yacht went in the preceding races as they are then averaged over the preceding two races with emphasis on the preceding race in the ratio 2:1.   This has the mathematical effect of averaging the handicaps for the last three races.  

It’s not quite as simple as that as there is some attempt to keep the handicap start times at a reasonable figure so movements of handicaps are biased towards the average handicap.   Even so the relationship between yachts is maintained.   In addition, if the starting times for the slowest yacht gets too small a correction is made to ALL yachts moving them all up say 30 secs and conversely if starting time for the slowest yacht gets too large then all handicap times are reduced by a number of seconds to bring the first yacht start to about 30 sec.   There is a warning given when this happens and it’s recorded on the timing sheet as an adjustment.   Letting the skippers know this has happened is a good idea!   Relationships between yachts are not affected.

As soon as all yachts have finished and new handicaps calculated, clicking on the next race from the list on the timing screen will set up the next race.

It’s a good idea to save the file after each race!

At any time you can view the results of the racing by clicking the ‘Show Results’ button and certainly at the end of racing this can be done.   There is even a button on the results sheet to display the results in a separate tidy spreadsheet in a separate file which is in an effective format for adding to a web page or club newsletter.

What if you get a time wrong for a particular yacht?

If the wrong yacht number button is clicked going over the line or the button is clicked too early then simply make a note of when later it actually does finish ie look at the timer on the timer screen and simply replace the finish time with the correct time.   As all times are rounded to the nearest 5 secs there is no need to record to more accuracy then the nearest second.   The list will automatically readjust itself to put the finishing yachts in the correct order.   Both the list of yacht Nos and Times for finishing on the timing sheet can be manually corrected - just be careful!!  If there are two people recording finishes it's a good idea to have one calling and perhaps writing down the finishing order while the other operates excel.  That way if a mistake is made then the times/Yachts can be fixed.  When doing this alone, I record a sound track on my smart phone of me saying when the yachts are approaching the finish and when they cross.  It is then possible to replay that and verify the excel values.

What about a draw or tie?

No matter how quickly you press the buttons two successive finishers will always be at least 1/10 th sec apart.   Simply manually adjust the time of the second of the two yachts who draw to make it exactly the same as the first of the two yachts.   This will make them equal in placing, leaving subsequent yachts correct.   Will it handle a three way tie??   No idea!   - just tried it and yes it does handle it correctly!

What about DNS, DNF or DSQ etc results where a skipper does not finish or doesn’t start?

If a yacht doesn’t start or finish then once all other yachts are clicked and a time recorded then either of the two steps below is performed

1.        the DNS or DNF yacht is clicked and a time recorded for it.   The time recorded is replaced by the typing over the time the characters ‘DNS’ or ‘DNF’.

2.        the yacht number of the yacht is typed into the yacht No column under the last recorded yacht and ‘DNS’ or ‘DNF’ typed into the time column.

This is repeated until all yachts have some record in the timing section and all yacht numbers on their button has changed too red and the timer stopped.   You may see a ‘*’ symbol appear in the column headed ‘Base HCap for next race’.   As well the yacht position will changed to the No of yachts plus one.

When the handicaps are processed for either, the yacht will get an average handicap for that race.    This has the effect of simply retaining the handicap the yacht had in the previous race.

What about redress?

If a yacht is interfered with and severely disadvantaged by another yacht and both are in agreement about blame etc then the easiest way to deal with this is to manually adjust the finishing time for the yacht to give them it an average finish time for the race.   The average time is displayed at the bottom of the finishing time column and can be manually added in their time (replacing a DNF etc).   This will give them an average finishing position, rearrange the list and move those below that finishing time down one place.   This will maintain their previous handicap for the next race – or very close to it.   Doing other changes is of course possible but be careful as the whole idea of this program is to remove any personal bias or suggestion of favouring particular sailors.

What about late comers?

You have started and recorded one/two races and a late comer arrives and wants to sail.   After berating the late comer for their tardiness and reminding them that they will be getting max points plus one for any missed race and they still want in then OK go back to the skipper list by pressing the ‘Yacht Selection Sheet’ area and add them.   Press the ‘Sort and Transfer Yachts to Timing Sheet’ button and they will appear as an unprocessed yacht number button.   You need to return to race 1 on the timing sheet and manually type the yacht number and a ‘DNS’ into the two columns then process the handicap again for race 1.   Repeat for race two etc up to the last race you have processed.   A bit cumbersome but it works.

What if someone withdraws before the end of the event

Their yacht number button will still be there so it needs processing.  When all other yachts have finished each race, manually give them a ‘DNS’ (Or DNC) result for each race.

Processing Results

This is fairly self explanatory as pressing the ‘Process Results’ button will do everything for you working out the finishing score for all yachts arranging them in finishing order including sorting those with the same points based on the normal rules about the number of each finishing position etc.    For viewing, the list can be reordered using the options listed.    Remember the program was initially designed for a handicap teams race so it will do this anyway based on the best 4 yachts in each team (club)  This is now based on one less than the minimum number from each team with a minimum of 4 yachts.   This can simply be ignored if your race is an individual yacht event.   Clicking the ‘Export’ and ‘Open Export’ options allows a view of a formatted spreadsheet of the results for display in your club’s newsletter or web site.   There is a sheet generated which displays the variations of the handicaps over the series of races and is useful to show what happens to handicaps over the series.  These values can be used as an initial handicap in subsequent series.

Action Buttons don’t seem to work

Most likely you have entered a value into the spreadsheet and forgotten to press the ‘Enter Key or Tab Key or move to another cell.   Only then will the action buttons become active!

Concept by Trevor Jeffree

Witten by Ben Morris

Yachting Monthly

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Download your RYA National Handicap for Cruisers list

• Dennis O'Neill
• July 16, 2013

Make more of your boat by taking part in some summer racing...

YM August 2013

The RYA’s National Handicap for Cruisers (NHC) list means you and your boat can now be given a Base Number taht allows you to easily take part in races and regattas.

For our full report, see Yachting Monthly August 2013.

Download the complete NHC list here…

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Related Articles

Emergency services locate two bodies in waters off SA's Kangaroo Island after boat capsizes

Two 65-year-old men from Kingscote have been found dead in waters north of Kangaroo Island after their boat capsized.

Police say emergency services found the overturned vessel and located the bodies in water nearby.

What's next?

SafeWork SA has been notified of the deaths and the police are preparing a report for the Coroner.

Two fishermen have been found dead in waters just north of South Australia's Kangaroo Island after their boat capsized.

SA Police said they were alerted to the overturned vessel off the coast of Cassini at 4:15pm on Wednesday.

Emergency services found the overturned vessel and located the bodies in water nearby, police said.

The men were both aged 65 and from Kingscote on Kangaroo Island.

SafeWork SA has been notified of the deaths and police will prepare a report for the Coroner.

A SafeWork SA spokesperson said its inspectors were making enquiries including liaising with police and the Australian Maritime Safety Authority, but were unable to provide any further information at the current time.

Kangaroo Island Mayor Michael Pengilly told ABC Radio Adelaide that it was a "very dark day" for the families and island.

"It's just a terribly, terribly sad occasion and my heart goes out to the families," Mr Pengilly said. 

He said the men were commercial fishermen from Kangaroo Island and knew the waters well. 

However, he said they were sailing through thick fog when the boat capsized. 

"Something has gone tragically wrong and as you know the sea doesn't take any prisoners and unfortunately we've lost two of our very good people."

"I know someone the other day that went fishing out of Penneshaw on a sea fog and thought they were going back to Penneshaw and ended up at Island Beach. So the fog is very deceptive."

Meanwhile, police have found a man in his 70s who went missing while kayaking along the Coorong, south-east of Adelaide. 

The kayaker set off on a trip from Goolwa on Monday and the alarm was raised after he stopped making regular contact.

Police said they were able to make contact with the man by phone just after 11pm on Wednesday and confirmed he was safe.

"The man was subsequently sighted safe and well this morning by police near Long Island," SA Police said.

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