yachtsmans gale

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What is the Beaufort Scale?

02 February 2016

The Beaufort Scale is an Internationally recognised scale used by sailors to measure wind strength. Why is this important? Well, first of all, the strength, direction and time over which wind blows will have a dramatic effect on the sea state. Three days of Gales from the South West will make the English Channel a very unpleasant and potentially hazardous place to be, especially during Spring Tides.

But what is a Gale? Well, that’s where Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort’s Scale for the measurement of wind comes in. You see, whilst Admiral Lord Fitzroy had been issuing weather forecasts for shipping for some time, one man’s strong breeze might be another man’s Gale, dependent on their experience, constitution and size and type of vessel! In order to better define a wind state objectively, a scale was invented which could best identify the likely effect of a wind’s speed on the surrounding environment. 

A Gale was defined under this Scale to be a Force 8 on the Beaufort Scale, with ‘moderately high waves with breaking crests forming spindrift. Well-marked streaks of foam are blown along wind direction. Considerable airborne spray’. as opposed to a Hurricane, which is Force 12 and is described as ‘Huge waves. Sea is completely white with foam and spray. Air is filled with driving spray, greatly reducing visibility’.

Importantly, the wind strength is defined by reference to the sea state, so most sailors will quickly identify as Force 5 as the Beaufort Scale explains it to be 

• At Sea, moderate waves of some length. Many whitecaps. Small amounts of spray.
• On land, branches of a moderate size move. Small trees in leaf begin to sway.

The average day sailor probably considers a Force 3 to 4 to be perfect and a Force 5 to be a bracing days sailing, whereas the novice may feel rather battered by the experience of a Force 5, especially if sailing into it! In fact, a Force 6 is often referred to as ‘a yachtsman’s gale’.

Nowadays, with the advent of accurate wind instruments, many sailors also refer to wind speed in terms of knots. The easy way to make an approximate transfer from knots to the Beaufort Scale is by this simple calculation:

True Wind Speed = 20 kts To convert to Beaufort Scale, divide by 5 and add 1. So, 20/5 = 4 + 1 = Force 5

This works well as an approximation although each Beaufort Force is in fact a range of wind speeds with the rule of thumb set out above usually falling between the maximum and minimum parameters. It should be noted that gusts 40% higher than the forecast wind speed should be expected. This can make a solid Force 6 feel considerably more challenging, with gusts up to 38 - 40 kts!

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Yatchsman’s Gale

Nickname for the Beaufort Scale – Force 6

“Yachtsman’s gale ” is often used to describe the wind strength of Force 6. It gets its name because many skippers decide that it is too strong for relaxed, safe sailing and choose to stay in the harbour in the wind this strength or above.

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• Yachting Monthly's Scuttlebutt

whole gale? Half a gale?

• Thread starter grendy
• Start date 28 Apr 2012
• 28 Apr 2012

Roger Taylor, in his excellent "Mingming" book refers to the wind force as "a whole gale" or "half a gale". Does anyone know what these terms denote? I've consulted Professor Google but it's a bit vague and the answers seem to be anywhere between F6 - F10.  

A whole gale is a F8. Given that the effects of wind is exponential I'd have said half a gale would be a F6 or so.  

• 29 Apr 2012

Active member

I'd tend to agree with that. Of course, strictly speaking, a F6 is merely a strong breeze, a F8 a gale and a F9 a severe gale. How one interprets them in practice, however, rather depends on the extent of one's LWL and experience.  

Just to confuse the issue, I seem to remember an F7 referred to as a ' Yachtsman's gale ' . Don't hear the phrase much these days though...........  

I use the Nathan scale to simplify things. N1: Yay, this is fun N2: Don't like this N3: Bugger.  

nathanlee said: I use the Nathan scale to simplify things. N1: Yay, this is fun N2: Don't like this N3: Bugger. Click to expand...

Deleted member 36384

grendy said: Roger Taylor, in his excellent "Mingming" book refers to the wind force as "a whole gale" or "half a gale". Does anyone know what these terms denote? I've consulted Professor Google but it's a bit vague and the answers seem to be anywhere between F6 - F10. Click to expand...

Well-known member

I've heard F6 referred to as a Fisherman's gale, and F7 as the Yachtsman's gale. Good thing we've got some numbers to keep things consistent.  

stephenh said: Just to confuse the issue, I seem to remember an F7 referred to as a ' Yachtsman's gale ' . Don't hear the phrase much these days though........... Click to expand...

• 30 Apr 2012

whole gale/half a gale Thanks to all who replied. I shall bravely attempt to contact the Great Man himself and ask him - I'll report back if successful. Gren  

I was under the impression that a yachtmans gale was F6. Possibly read it in Maurice Griffiths books  

Can I suggest a slight tweak N1 - too slow - engine on N2 - yay this is fun N3 - don't like this N4 - bugger.  

Whole/Half gale: the Answer Friends, the blessed Roger Taylor has vouchsafed the following information - or at least how he uses the terms anyway: Half gale = Force 7 Full gale = Force 8 Severe gale = Force 9 Storm = Force 10 Violent storm = Force 11 Hurricane = Force 12 (I had to promise him that all the members of the forum had undertaken to purchase his Mingming book in return for his reply - hope that's ok)  

grendy said: Friends, the blessed Roger Taylor has vouchsafed the following information - or at least how he uses the terms anyway: Half gale = Force 7 Full gale = Force 8 Severe gale = Force 9 Storm = Force 10 Violent storm = Force 11 Hurricane = Force 12 (I had to promise him that all the members of the forum had undertaken to purchase his Mingming book in return for his reply - hope that's ok) Click to expand...

grendy said: (I had to promise him that all the members of the forum had undertaken to purchase his Mingming book in return for his reply - hope that's ok) Click to expand...

Boathook said: Not to sure who Roger Taylor is Click to expand...

Flashy said: I've heard F6 referred to as a Fisherman's gale, and F7 as the Yachtsman's gale. Good thing we've got some numbers to keep things consistent. Click to expand...

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Yachtsman's Gale Hardcover – Import, January 1, 1960

• Print length 208 pages
• Publisher W. H. Allen
• Publication date January 1, 1960
• See all details

Product details

• ASIN ‏ : ‎ B0000CKMPA
• Publisher ‏ : ‎ W. H. Allen (January 1, 1960)
• Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 208 pages
• Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.74 pounds

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but for the Grace

A sailing adventure to the Baltic Sea…….and back!

Wallander, a distance record and a yachtsmans gale!

I was excited by our next destination – Ystad. This is the home of Henning Mankells detective, Wallander. I don’t like the Kenneth Branagh version, it is far too faithful to the book version. No, I like the Swedish TV adaptation which is more like a Scandi – Z Cars where they all drive Volvos and not Ford Zephyrs!

Passing Sweden’s most southerly point

We had an excellent 31 nm sail from Gislovs Lage, tacking our way up the coast passing the lighthouse on the Kullagrund reef which also marks Sweden’s most southerly point. Entry into Ystad was straightforward following a leading line of 036 degrees into the inner harbour where we moored to our first ever boom. These are low level metal booms with a float on the end, so not really big enough to take your weight and with small hoops for your lines that are almost impossible to reach and not as easy as UK style cleats which you can slip a rope over! However, I had the ultimate weapon in our locker. 18 months ago I had bought a yellow plastic stick with a hook on it and a string that you were supposed to spear all sorts of quayside mooring hardware and it would cleverly loop a line round to hold you nice and secure. Needless so say it had been a totally useless piece of junk that never worked. Its bright yellow colour only served to remind me of my folly every time I caught sight of it and it was rather too expensive just to throw it away. It did fall over the side one day but instead of having the decency to sink without trace it just gracefully bobbed to the surface and floated back to me!

This time it actually worked, spearing the loop and allowing our mooring line to go through and back on to the boat!

Grace secured to our first boom!

Ystad was a bit of a disappointment for a Wallander fan. There was no mention of it at all in the tourist office guides, no murder trail, no site of Wallander’s last arrest, nothing! What it did have was the oldest school in Sweden, The Latin House dating from the mid 1500s and rather a fine church which every night a watchman dressed in a big blue cloak and carrying a horn climbs the bell tower and emits a series of what can only be described as thunderous farts to indicate that all is well! Apparently this has been happening everyday since the 1600s (one has to assume that all has been well in Ystad since then).

The Latin House

Ystad’s gem of a church

Farting watchmen!

In the next leg we set a new record for the distance sailed in a day, 42 nm to Simrisham. It was characterised by miserable gear failure; with the fridge failing again, so no cold wine and the gas bottle regulator leaking and letting a new gas bottle empty, so no hot food.

As usual we had been monitoring VHF channel 16 and during the day several dramas unfolded! The first was a helicopter and lifeboat rescue of someone with a heart attack on a cruise ship and the other was a warship which was trying to avoid a collision! Not all that successfully by the siren sounds we could clearly hear in the background!

We passed Kaseborg, the point where we started to turn north, we could see on the headland and silhouetted against the skyline that there was an imposing Viking stone ring in the shape of a longship. It felt quite atmospheric, just as it must have done 1000 years ago.

Viking longship standing stones

The sail into Simrisham was superb, with Grace on a beam reach almost all the way from Ystad. It is her fastest point of sailing and we stormed across the bay and into the harbour. Simrisham is a rather bleak and windswept sort of place. Once through the outer wall, yachts turn sharply to starboard into a big basin and moor to booms. Simrisham marked a significant point in our journey as from now on we sail north up Sweden’s east coast towards the Stockholm archipelago.

That night as we studied the weather forecast and where we might end up. It became clear that the weather was going to deteriorate over the next few days. We would need to take our opportunity to get to Ahus or Solvesborg while the weather held if we were to get Alan back to a convenient railway station for his flight home from Copenhagen and the start of the test match!

An added complication was that Ravelunda bay was closed for a week for military live firing exercises and we would have sail well offshore to be out of the prohibited areas if we were to get away from Simrishamn.

Alan steering us towards Solvesborg

Close hauled, with a rising westerly wind and reefing progressively, we crossed deep into the bay and started to feel the full force of the wind and the surprisingly big waves. Ahead of us was bright sunshine but behind us, the dark tumbling cumulus clouds showed that the weather front was catching us up. With Force 5 winds, pocket handkerchief sails, Grace was flying across the waves at 5 knots. The sky around us darkened and the wind speed started to build, first 20 knots, then 25 knots, Force 6 and a ‘yachtsman’s gale’ and then on to 28 knots, Force 7. The pitching and rolling was now becoming a bit unpleasant as Grace came off the waves and her bows dug into the troughs. We could turn towards Ahus but that would mean sailing directly into the waves with the corresponding increase in strain on us and the gear! We could run towards Karlsham or Ronneby, it would be more comfortable and we had seen other yachts make that choice but it would have meant many more hours in the gale. Continuing to Solvesborg was still the best option, although there would be a long and twisting leg into the yacht haven. Once in the river mouth we should be sheltered and out of the wind.

Grace dug in and slogged her through the waves and within 2 hours we had reached the buoyed channel that marked the deep water approach and we started to feel the benefit of the approaching land as the wind fell to 18 to 22 knots. A large ship, laden with wooden pit props was making its way out and that showed our turn point into the estuary. Past the ship dock we followed a series of leading lines down the well buoyed but thankfully sheltered channel, enjoying the now smooth water to moor between two booms.

The ship showed us the way in! And made a good windbreak too!

Grace snug in her berth

Kettle on, waterproofs off and huge ice creams bought from the ice cream ship (yes it really is a floating ship, Swedes love their ice cream and sailing, so the ideal combination!) when we paid our harbour dues. We were given extra large portions to make up for the confusion over how to pay – apparently we were the first people who actually wanted to pay!

Ice cream all round!

Relaxing we watched impressed as a blue German yacht sailed up the channel on its genoa, these must be hardcore sailors who never use the engine to manoeuvre into their berth. This will be impressive……..surely they won’t sail all the way? Suddenly there was a flurry activity on the foredeck, sheets flying and genoa flapping. They will slow down won’t they?…..No! The boat crashes into the berth next to us, its bows lifting up on to the pontoon itself and bending its thick metal frame.

We took the mooring lines of two relieved people. Their engine had failed. In the gales and their genoa had jammed and they were unable to reef it! Seems like they had quite a ride! Within hours, they had packed up their belongings, locked the boat and were on the train home! I suspect it would be sometime before they would return!

Solvesborg, other than having a handy train station so Alan could return to Copenhagen Airport also had an interesting fountain in the town square of a couple fondling (apparently Ask and Embla from Norse mythology), what must be the smallest tourist information centre in Sweden, ‘pussplats’ signs where you can kiss, Europe’s longest cycle bridge and the interesting 12th century St Nicholas church and monastery, now a museum.

Ask and Embla

The smallest tourist centre?

Kissing points!

Europe’s longest cycle bridge!

Rhune stones at the church

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Published by graceandus

Together with our yacht Grace we cruised the Baltic Sea until the weather closed in and we could go no further! View all posts by graceandus

1 thought on “Wallander, a distance record and a yachtsmans gale!”

Glad to know that you survived the gale and that Alan enjoyed his “Grace Experience”. Got your email from Chichester and congratulations to Ellie on becoming a doctor. Hope she enjoys Plymouth. We look forward to you next thrilling episode. Love Jan & John.

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Beaufort wind force scale

The Beaufort scale, which is used in Met Office marine forecasts, is an empirical measure for describing wind intensity based on observed sea conditions.

• These values refer to well-developed wind waves of the open sea.
• The lag effect between the wind getting up and the sea increasing should be borne in mind.
• The official term is Strong gale, however, the Met Office uses the descriptive term Severe gale

To convert knots to mph multiply by 1.15, for m/s multiply by 0.514.

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Gale Warning

My parents (Mother is saying that Force Six is a “yachtsman’s gale”. Father isn’t listening)

Mother had a rule: If there was a gale warning on the Shipping Forecast, we didn’t go out.

Actually, we didn’t go out in Force Seven either, in case the Shipping Forecast had got it wrong.

And, just in case Father started getting ideas, Force Six was categorised as “A yachtsman’s gale”.

It wasn’t until I was 18 and we were ambushed by a completely un-forecast “hurricane” off the Ile de Batz and spent the night in survival mode, that I discovered what all the fuss was about.

I suppose it was inevitable that, over the years, the idea of Force Eight should lose its terror. All the same, when it came up on the shipping forecast in the middle of the passage from Poole to the East coast, there was something instinctive about hunting through the almanac for a bolt-hole.

Since the route had taken us round the back of the Isle Wight, this didn’t leave a lot of options: The only safe haven with any water in it – and enough water over the entrance when I needed it – was going to be Portsmouth. It was only about 15 miles away and I could pick up a mooring (getting gale-bound in a marina can be ruinously expensive).

In fact, I had spent an hour back-tracking before I started thinking of this logically: Already, I knew I was in for a hatful of wind. The picture on Windguru was distinctly red. But on the other hand, there was no sign of purple which is what they use for gales. Moreover, the nastiness seemed to concentrated in mid-channel. If I stuck to the coast, it looked as though I would find nothing worse than 20knots which is, what… about Force Five.

Besides, an offshore gale is a lot less menacing: Years ago, I took three teenagers off for a week. I had never met them before and knew only that they could sail dinghies – they had been volunteered on me by my old school’s sailing club and their “get them into bigger boats” program.

The week coincided with a week of gales but I could hardly send them home (their parents had probably nipped off for a mini break). Nor did a week gale-bound seem attractive, cooped with three bored teenagers.

So, we tied down two reefs and went out every day to thrash around the Solent. Largo , being a Rival 32, thrived in a blow. One way and another, it was a fantastic week. We visited five different harbours, dried ourselves out each evening over my pasta-and-tins repertoire and got to know each other very well indeed. Boring it was not.

Well, now I have another Rival 32. And Samsara’s sail plan is even more suited to a blow than Largo with her too – big furling genny.

So, I dismissed Portsmouth, turned round and resumed the course – and guess what? The next forecast talked only of “possibly gale eight” – and that was for the whole sea area, all the way to the French coast.

And what did we get? Nothing more than 22knots apparent. What the forecasters might have called “occasionally Force Six”. In fact, the wind fell lighter and lighter until we ended up becalmed and going backwards off Dover – only the heaviest concentration of shipping in the world…

That was when Dover Port Control told me they had some work going and the anchorage was closed…”but you could go in the marina…”

I thanked them kindly (and politely avoided any comments about “ruinously expensive”) and went and anchored on a sandbank in the middle of nowhere. It’s an old East Coast trick. Nobody’s going to run down, anchored on a sandbank.

It was oddly peaceful.

Stop Press: The following morning the Dover Lifeboat turned up to check that I was all right. Apparently they don’t get many people anchoring for the night on the Goodwin Sands – someone had seen me from the shore and reported that I was “not making way”. The Lifeboatmen were terribly polite. I told them that I’d once been advised by an old fisherman that if ever I wanted to anchor without the risk of anyone disturbing me (or worse, running into me), I could do a lot worse than a sandbank.

___________________

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Yachtsman's Gale Unknown Binding – 1 Jan. 1960

• Print length 208 pages
• Publisher W.H.Allen
• Publication date 1 Jan. 1960
• See all details

Product details

• ASIN ‏ : ‎ B001OP96KK
• Publisher ‏ : ‎ W.H.Allen (1 Jan. 1960)
• Unknown Binding ‏ : ‎ 208 pages

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Sverdlovsk Oblast

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Early history, medieval history and russian expansion, rise of the mining-metallurgical era, soviet ural, post-soviet transition, administrative divisions, demographics, settlements, ethnic groups, chairmen of the oblast duma, chairmen of the house of representatives of the legislative assembly, economy and transportation, sister relationships, notable people, external links.

Most of the oblast is spread over the eastern slopes of the Middle and North Urals and the Western Siberian Plain . Only in the southwest does the oblast stretch onto the western slopes of the Ural Mountains .

The highest mountains all rise in the North Urals, Konzhakovsky Kamen at 1,569 metres (5,148   ft) and Denezhkin Kamen at 1,492 metres (4,895   ft) . The Middle Urals is mostly hilly country with no discernible peaks; the mean elevation is closer to 300 to 500 metres (980 to 1,640   ft) above sea level. [9] Principal rivers include the Tavda , the Tura , the Chusovaya , and the Ufa , the latter two being tributaries of the Kama .

Sverdlovsk Oblast borders with, clockwise from the west, Perm Krai , the Komi Republic , Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug , Tyumen Oblast , Kurgan , and Chelyabinsk Oblasts , and the Republic of Bashkortostan .

The area is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude.

Rich in natural resources, the oblast is especially famous for metals ( iron , copper , gold , platinum ), minerals ( asbestos , gemstones , talcum ), marble and coal . It is mostly here that the bulk of Russian industry was concentrated in the 18th and 19th centuries.

The area has continental climate patterns, with long cold winters (average temperatures reaching −15   °C (5   °F) to −25   °C (−13   °F) on the Western Siberian Plain) and short warm summers. Only in the southeast of the oblast do temperatures reach +30   °C (86   °F) in July.

• You can help expand this section with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian . (November 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Russian article.

The territory of the region has been inhabited since ancient times. Numerous sites of ancient people were discovered, dating from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age. The Upper Paleolithic includes the Garinsky site on the right bank of the Sosva river near the village of Gari , the site in the Shaitansky grotto, and the site in the Bezymyanny cave (X millennium BC). [10] [11] In 1890, the 11 thousand years old (Mesolithic) Shigir idol was discovered. [12]

A settlement and a burial ground in the Kalmatsky Brod tract are located on the right bank of the Iset river and date back to the Sarmatian time (from the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century AD). They belong to the Kalmak archaeological culture. In the Kalmatsky Brod burial ground, the skeletal skulls were strongly deformed by tight bandaging in early childhood, which indicates the penetration of steppe ethnic elements to the north. [13]

There are numerous pictograms on the Koptelovsky stone, on the Oblique stone, on the Two-eyed stone, Starichnaya, Serginskaya, the rock paintings of the Bronze Age on the Neyva River, Tagil River (villages Brekhovaya, Gaevaya, Komelskaya), rock carvings on Shaitan-Kamen on the right bank of the Rezh river tied to indigenous Ural population, possibly speakers of a Ugric language . [14] [15] The Gostkovskaya Pisanitsa refers to the Middle Ages. [12]

Before the first Russian colonists arrived to the region, it was populated by various Turkic and Ugrian tribes. By the 16th century, when the Middle Urals were under influence of various Tatar khanates, the strongest local state was the Vogul Pelym principality with its center in Pelym .

The Russian conquest of the Khanate of Kazan in the 1550s paved the way further east, which was now free from Tatar depredations (see Yermak Timofeyevich ). The first surviving Russian settlements in the area date back to the late 16th   – early 17th centuries ( Verkhoturye , 1598; Turinsk , 1600; Irbit , 1633; Alapayevsk , 1639). At that time, those small trading posts were governed under Siberian administration in Tobolsk . After the 1708 administrative reform, Verkhoturye, Pelym and Turinsk became a part of the new Siberian Governorate , in 1737 their territories were assigned to the Kazan Governorate .

During the 18th century, rich resources of iron and coal made Ural an industrial heartland of Russia. After getting control over Ural mines, the Demidov family put the region in the forefront of Russian industrialization. Yekaterinburg , Nevyansk and Tagil ironworks, founded in the 1700s to 1720s, soon joined the ranks of the major producers in Europe. Throughout the 18th and 19th century those newly founded factory towns enjoyed a status of special mining-metallurgical districts allowed to have a certain rate of financial and proprietary autonomy. During the 1781 reform middle Ural finally got its own regional administration in the form of the Perm Governorate .

When in 1812 the Russian government legalized gold digging for its citizens, Middle Ural became a center of gold mining. Entrepreneurs of the Perm Governorate also started the gold rush in West Siberia, soon Yekaterinburgers began to dominate the Russian market of precious metals and gemstones.

After the emancipation reform of 1861 , major Middle Uralian industries that were heavily dependent on serf labor entered decline, although it also allowed light industry to thrive. In 1878, Perm and Yekaterinburg were connected with a railroad, in 1888, railroads reached Tyumen , and ultimately, in 1897, Yekaterinburg joined the Trans-Siberian network . Emergence of railroad transportation helped to revitalize economy of Ural.

The Bolsheviks established their power in Yekaterinburg and Perm during the first days of the October Revolution of 1917. In early 1918 the dethroned Czar Nicholas II and his family were transferred under custody to Yekaterinburg. Local Bolsheviks decided autonomously to execute the royal family on July 17, 1918, to prevent its rescue of by the approaching White Army forces. Ten days later Yekaterinburg was captured by the Czechoslovak troops of Sergei Wojciechowski . For the next year the Anti-bolshevik forces took control over the region. On 19 August 1918, Provisional Government of Ural was formed in Yekaterinburg by a coalition of liberal and democratic socialist parties, it was supposed to serve as a buffer between the Komuch and Provisional Siberian governments. After the Kolchak coup d'état in Omsk in November 1918, the Government of Ural was disbanded.

In July 1919, in the course of the Yekaterinburg offense, Yekaterinburg and the surrounding areas were recaptured by the Red Army forces under command of Vasily Shorin . On the July 15th, the Perm Governorate was split by the Soviets and the east, for the first time in history, became a separate region, the Yekaterinburg Governorate. It was soon abolished and replaced by the Ural Oblast (1923-1934).

In the 1930s many industrial enterprises were established and built with the help of forced labour. [16] Local industry received another impetus during World War II, when important producing facilities were relocated here from the European part of Russia to safeguard them from the advancing Germans (for example, IMZ-Ural , Kamensk-Uralsky Metallurgical Works ). In the postwar period much of the region was off-limits to foreigners. It was over Sverdlovsk that the American U-2 spy plane pilot Gary Powers was shot down on May 1, 1960, while on a reconnaissance mission.

In 1979, there was an anthrax outbreak caused by an accident in a facility to develop biological weapons.

In 1993, Governor Eduard Rossel responded to perceived economic inequality by attempting to create a " Ural Republic ." Sverdlovsk led the "Urals Five" ( Kurgan Oblast , Orenburg Oblast , Perm Krai , Chelyabinsk Oblast and Sverdlovsk) in a call for greater regional power. They argued that the oblasts deserved as much power as the ethnic homeland republics . The Urals Republic Constitution went into effect on October 27, 1993. Then Russian President Boris Yeltsin dissolved the Urals Republic and the Sverdlovsk Parliament 10 days later (on November 9).

Population : 4,268,998   ( 2021 Census ) ; [5] 4,297,747   ( 2010 Russian census ) ; [17] 4,486,214   ( 2002 Census ) ; [18] 4,716,768   ( 1989 Soviet census ) . [19]

Vital statistics for 2022: [20] [21]

• Births: 39,958 (9.4 per 1,000)
• Deaths: 59,316 (13.9 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022): [22] 1.56 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021): [23] Total — 68.79 years (male   — 63.72, female   — 73.80)

There were twenty-one recognized ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each in the oblast. Residents identified themselves as belonging to a total of 148 different ethnic groups, including: [17]

• 3,684,843 Russians (90.6%);
• 143,803 Tatars (3.5%);
• 35,563 Ukrainians (0.9%);
• 31,183 Bashkirs (0.8%);
• 23,801 Mari (0.6%);
• 14,914 Germans (0.4%);
• 14,215 Azerbaijanis (0.3%);
• 13,789 Udmurts (0.3%);
• 11,670 Belarusians (0.3%);
• 11,510 Chuvash (0.26%);
• 11,501 Armenians (0.3%);
• 11,138 Tajiks (0.3%);
• 9,702 Mordovians (0.22%);
• 9,358 Uzbeks (0.2%);

232,978 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. [24]

Christianity is the largest religion in Sverdlovsk Oblast. According to a 2012 survey [25] 43% of the population of Sverdlovsk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 5% are nondenominational Christians (excluding Protestant churches), 3% are Muslims , 2% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any Church or are members of other Orthodox churches , 1% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), and 0.3% are adherents of forms of Hinduism ( Vedism , Krishnaism or Tantrism ). In addition, 36% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", and 9.7% is atheist . [25]

The most important institutions of higher education include Ural Federal University , Ural State Medical University , Ural State University of Economics , Ural State Law University , Ural State Mining University and Ural State Academy of Architecture and Arts , all located in the capital Yekaterinburg.

The oblast's Charter, adopted on 17 December 1994, with subsequent amendments, establishes the oblast government. The Governor is the chief executive, who appoints the Government, consisting of ministries and departments. The Chairman of the Government, commonly referred to as the Prime Minister, is appointed with the consent of the lower house of the legislature , a process similar to the appointment of the federal Prime Minister . But the Governor cannot nominate the same candidate more than twice, yet he/she can dismiss the house after three failed attempts to appoint the Premier. [ needs update ]

The Legislative Assembly is the regional parliament of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Until 2011, it was a bicameral legislature consisting of the Oblast Duma, the lower house , and the House of Representatives, the upper house . [27] Before the reform, members of the legislature served four-year terms with half of the Duma re-elected every two years. The Duma (28   members) was elected in party lists. The 21   members of the House of Representatives were elected in single-seat districts in a first-past-the-post system. The Legislative Assembly was the first bicameral legislature outside an autonomous republic, and the first regional legislature in Russia to elect members based on both party lists and single-seat districts . As of 2021, the Legislative Assembly is a unicameral legislature with a total of 50 seats, with half of the members elected by single-mandate constituencies and the other half elected in party lists for five-year terms. [28] [29]

Compliance with the Charter is enforced by the Charter Court. The existence of such regional courts in Russia, formed and functioning outside the federal judiciary, although challenged, has been upheld and persisted successfully in most constituent members of the Federation where they were established.

Until President Putin 's reforms of 2004, the Governor was elected by direct vote for terms of four years. Eduard Rossel has been the only elected governor (first elected governor for an oblast in Russia) since 1995 (appointed in 1991 and dismissed in 1993 by President Yeltsin ), re-elected in 1999 and 2003.

Since 2012, the oblast's Governor is Yevgeny Kuyvashev .

In the 1990s, the Oblast's population was distinguished by relatively high support for parties and candidates of the right and democratic persuasion. In the 1996 presidential election, Boris Yeltsin , a native of the region who lived in Sverdlovsk until the 1980s, won over 70% of the vote. In the regional elections in 2010 in the Sverdlovsk Oblast, United Russia received minimal support relative to other regions - only 39.79% of votes. [30]

Even though it could do with modernizing, the region's industries are quite diverse. 12% of Russia's iron and steel industry is still concentrated in Sverdlovsk oblast. Iron and copper are mined and processed here, the logging industry and wood-processing are important, too.

The largest companies in the region include Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company , UralVagonZavod , Enel Russia , Nizhniy Tagil Iron and Steel Works , Federal Freight . [31]

Yekaterinburg is a prominent road, rail and air hub in the Ural region. As the economic slump subsided, several European airlines started or resumed flights to the city. These include Lufthansa , British Airways , CSA , Turkish Airlines , Austrian Airlines and Finnair . Malév Hungarian Airlines used to be among those carriers but they had to drop their flights to SVX ( IATA airport code for Sverdlovsk) after a few months.

The Alapaevsk narrow-gauge railway serves the communities around Alapayevsk .

• Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province , Vietnam
• Harbin , China
• Vladik Dzhabarov , Russian cyclist
• Andrey Fedyaev , Russian cosmonaut
• Yakov Sverdlov , a communist revolutionary after whom Sverdlovsk and subsequently Sverdlovsk Oblast were named.
• Church of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary , a building of regional historical significance in Staropyshminsk village.

Related Research Articles

Chelyabinsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia in the Ural Mountains region, on the border of Europe and Asia. Its administrative center is the city of Chelyabinsk.

Irbit is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located 203 kilometers (126 mi) from Yekaterinburg by train or 250 kilometers (160 mi) by car, on the right bank of the Nitsa. Population: 37,009 (2021 Census) ; 38,357 (2010 Russian census) ; 43,318 (2002 Census) ; 51,708 (1989 Soviet census) .

Alapayevsk is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Neyva and Alapaikha rivers. Population: 38,192 (2010 Russian census) ; 44,263 ; 50,060 ; 49,000 (1968).

Kushva is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located in the Ural Mountains near Yekaterinburg. Population: 30,167 (2010 Russian census) ; 35,555 (2002 Census) ; 43,096 (1989 Soviet census) .

Nizhniye Sergi is a town and the administrative center of Nizhneserginsky District in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on a rolling plain surrounded by the Ural Mountains, on the Serga River 120 kilometers (75 mi) from Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 10,336 (2010 Russian census) ; 12,567 (2002 Census) ; 14,938 (1989 Soviet census) .

Verkhnyaya Pyshma is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) north of Yekaterinburg. Population: 59,749 (2010 Russian census) ; 58,016 (2002 Census) ; 53,102 (1989 Soviet census) .

Novouralsk is a closed town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the eastern side of the Ural Mountains, about 70 kilometers (43 mi) north of Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 85,522 (2010 Russian census) ; 95,414 (2002 Census) .

Krasnoufimsk is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Ufa River, 224 kilometers (139 mi) from Yekaterinburg. Population: 39,765 (2010 Russian census) ; 43,595 (2002 Census) ; 45,618 (1989 Soviet census) .

Revda is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. Population: 61,875 (2010 Russian census) ; 62,667 (2002 Census) ; 65,757 (1989 Soviet census) .

Sredneuralsk is a town under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of Verkhnyaya Pyshma in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the shore of Iset Lake, at the head of the Iset River, 25 kilometers (16 mi) north of Yekaterinburg. Population: 20,449 (2010 Russian census) ; 19,555 ; 18,786 (1989 Soviet census) .

Kachkanar is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located between the Isa and Vyya Rivers in the Tura River's basin, 205 kilometers (127 mi) north of Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 41,426 (2010 Russian census) ; 44,664 (2002 Census) ; 48,251 (1989 Soviet census) . The town of Kachkanar is located at the foot of mountain Kachkanar.

Ivdel is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Ivdel River near its confluence with the Lozva River, 535 kilometers (332 mi) north of Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 17,775 (2010 Russian census) ; 19,324 (2002 Census) ; 19,014 (1989 Soviet census) .

Severouralsk is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Vagran River at its confluence with the Kolonga River, 512 kilometers (318 mi) north of Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of the oblast. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 29,263.

Pelym is an urban locality under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of Ivdel in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. Population: 3,376 (2010 Russian census) ; 3,708 (2002 Census) .

Sukhoy Log is a town and the administrative center of Sukholozhsky District in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains on the Pyshma River, 114 kilometers (71 mi) east of Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of the oblast. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 34,554.

Gornozavodsky District is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Gornozavodsky Municipal District . It is located on the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in the east of the krai. The area of the district is 7,057 square kilometers (2,725 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Gornozavodsk. Population: 26,044 (2010 Russian census) ; 30,172 (2002 Census) ; 38,004 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Gornozavodsk accounts for 46.3% of the district's total population.

Garinsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Garinsky Urban Okrug . The area of the district is 16,770 square kilometers (6,470 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Gari. Population: 4,904 ; 7,832 (2002 Census) ; 9,381 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Gari accounts for 50.4% of the district's total population. The main point of historical interest is the former town of Pelym, which was one of the first Russian settlements east of the Urals, marking the eastern terminus of the Cherdyn Road from Europe to Siberia.

Turinsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Turinsky Urban Okrug . Its administrative center is the town of Turinsk. Population: 28,274 ; 32,540 (2002 Census) ; 40,749 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Turinsk accounts for 63.4% of the district's total population.

Isetsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-two in Tyumen Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Isetsky Municipal District . It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,751 square kilometers (1,062 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Isetskoye. Population: 26,061 ; 26,565 (2002 Census) ; 25,862 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Isetskoye accounts for 28.7% of the district's total population.

Bisert is an urban locality in Nizhneserginsky District of Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. Population: 10,233 (2010 Russian census) ; 11,262 (2002 Census) ; 12,646 (1989 Soviet census) .

• ↑ Президент Российской Федерации.   Указ   №849   от   13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу   13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No.   20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation.   Decree   # 849   of   May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District . Effective as of   May 13, 2000.).
• ↑ Госстандарт Российской Федерации.   №ОК 024-95   27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2.   Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. ( Gosstandart of the Russian Federation.   # OK 024-95   December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2.   Economic Regions , as amended by the Amendment   # 5/2001 OKER. ).
• ↑ Official website of the Governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Alexander Sergeyevich Misharin (in Russian)
• 1 2 3 Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [ 2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1 ] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года" . Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved 23 January 2019 .
• ↑ "Об исчислении времени" . Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2019 .
• ↑ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article   68.1 of the Constitution of Russia .
• ↑ "Russia: Impact of Climate Change to 2030" (PDF) . Retrieved 25 April 2023 .
• ↑ Сериков Ю. Б. Новые находки раннего палеолита в Среднем Зауралье // Ранний палеолит Евразии: новые открытия // Материалы Международной конференции, Краснодар – Темрюк, 1–6 сентября 2008 г.
• ↑ Сериков Ю. Б. Следы раннего палеолита на территории Среднего Зауралья // Вестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии, 2015 № 4 (31)
• 1 2 Объекты культурного наследия Свердловской области (список)
• ↑ Сальников К. В. Древнейшие памятники истории Урала , 1952.
• ↑ Khimiya i Zhizn , 9, 1974, p. 80
• ↑ Писаницы Урала (in Russian). Ural.ru . Retrieved 26 December 2010 .
• ↑ V.A. Kravchenko: I chose freedom (1946)
• 1 2 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том   1 [ 2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol.   1 ] . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010   года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов   – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3   тысячи и более человек [ Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000 ] (XLS) . Всероссийская перепись населения 2002   года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
• ↑ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989   г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [ All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers ] . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989   года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly .
• ↑ "Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022" . ROSSTAT . Archived from the original on 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 21 February 2023 .
• ↑ "Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022" . ROSSTAT . Archived from the original on 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 21 February 2023 .
• ↑ Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости [ Total fertility rate ] . Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLSX) on 10 August 2023 . Retrieved 10 August 2023 .
• ↑ "Демографический ежегодник России" [ The Demographic Yearbook of Russia ] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat) . Retrieved 1 June 2022 .
• ↑ "ВПН-2010" . www.perepis-2010.ru .
• 1 2 3 "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia" . Sreda, 2012.
• ↑ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps . "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived .
• ↑ Formation of the legislative body of Sverdlovsk Oblast , old.zsso.ru
• ↑ General information , zsso.ru
• ↑ "Свердловская область" . council.gov.ru .
• ↑ "Результат единороссов по Свердловской области был самым худшим для партии власти" [ The result of United Russia in the Sverdlovsk region was the worst for the ruling party ] . Archived from the original on 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 .
• ↑ "Sverdlovsk region Industries" . investinregions.ru . Retrieved 7 November 2018 .
• Sverdlovsk Oblast on Facebook
• Investment portal of Sverdlovsk Oblast
• (in Russian) Official website of the Government of Sverdlovsk Oblast

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• Coats of arms of cities and villages of Sverdlovsk Oblast
• 1 Cock in heraldry
• PD-RU-exempt (coats of arms)

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