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Book reviews are sometimes used on undergraduate courses, and frequently appear in academic journals. This page considers what a book review is , how to structure one , and provides some language for writing a book review .
A book review describes and critically evaluates a (usually recent) book. Like any kind of review, for example a review of a film or television programme, it will offer a description of the main points, consider the strengths and weaknesses, and give an overall evaluation, in order to allow the reader to decide whether or not it will be of interest to them and therefore a good investment of their time and money. Book reviews are sometimes used as assignments on undergraduate courses, and are a common component of academic journals. They are typically short pieces of work, around 500-750 words in length. They may sometimes be shorter or longer, but will rarely exceed 1000 words. A book review should not be confused with a book report, which is a relatively short and purely descriptive assignment, common in high school (rather than university) courses.
A book review will usually begin with bibliographic information . This means details such as the name of the book, the name(s) of the author(s), and the publisher. Other details may be helpful, for example date and place of publication, format, edition, number of pages, price and ISBN.
The text of the review should begin with an introduction . As the review will be fairly brief, it is common to begin with an anecdote or quotation which captures the main idea of the book. The introduction will identify the author and title, specify the type of book, and state the book's subject matter. Further background detail to place the book in context may be given, for example previous work by the author in the same field, prior work by other writers in the same field, or information about the book series (if the book is part of a series). The thesis of the book, i.e. its specific contribution, may also be given, along with your own thesis, i.e. your initial appraisal of the work and key observations.
The main body of the review will provide description and critical evaluation of the text. These may be dealt with separately, with description first and evaluation next, or in combination. Although the evaluation is the more important part, the description may still take up half or two thirds of the content of the main body, in order to lay the foundation for the evaluation.
The description of the text will summarise the book. Evidence from the book, such as quotations, may be used to support the points. This part might give information on the following areas, which can later be used as criteria for evaluating the book:
The critical evaluation will present your reaction to the book. You might compare it to other (similar) books in the field, and consider its relative strengths and weaknesses. In this part you may respond to the areas above by considering key questions, as follows, to further highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the book.
Finally, there should be a conclusion to the book review. This will sum up your thoughts on the book. This means summarising the book's strengths and weaknesses, indicating whether this is a useful book, whether it will make a lasting contribution to its field, whether you recommend it, and who will benefit from reading it.
Note that the above is the structure for a book review for a non-fiction work, which is the most common kind of review for university study. For a work of fiction, a similar approach can be used, though in place of the points for argument and sources, you would consider setting, plot, characters, use of language and voice when describing the book, and consider how effective each of these elements are when evaluating it.
It is important is to make sure that your views are distinct from the author's. This can be done by using the author's name, or referring to 'The author' or 'The book'.
The following phrases might be useful for summarising the contents of the book.
The following phrases can be used to highlight weaknesses.
The following phrases can be used to indicate a suitable audience for the book.
The following adjectives can be used to give a positive review (negatives of these can be used for a negative review).
An example book review, as well as exercises for book reviews, can be found in the book Academic Writing Genres: Essays, Reports & Other Genres , part of the EAP Foundation series of books. You can use the form below to download a sample of the book .
Like the website? Try the books. Enter your email to receive a free sample from Academic Writing Genres .
Below is a checklist for book reviews. Use it to check your own writing, or get a peer (another student) to help you.
Essential details are given, e.g. name of book, author, publisher, date/place of publication, format, edition, number of pages, price, ISBN. | |||
There is an interesting beginning (e.g. anecdote or quotation). | |||
The introduction identifies the author, title, and type of book. | |||
The introduction states what the book is about. | |||
Background is given, e.g. previous work by the author or others in the same field, information about the book series (if part of a series). | |||
The thesis of the book is given, i.e. its specific contribution. | |||
Your thesis is given, i.e. your initial appraisal of the work and key observations. | |||
There is a description of key areas, e.g. summary of content, author's purpose, intended audience, arguments, sources, organisation and layout. | |||
Quotations are used as evidence. | |||
There is critical evaluation of key areas, e.g. content (is everything included?), purpose (is it achieved?), audience (is it suitable?), arguments (are they valid?), evidence (is it strong?), organisation and layout (it is logical and clear?). | |||
Strengths and weaknesses are given. | |||
There is a summary of the book's strengths and weaknesses. | |||
There is an indication of whether the book is useful or makes a lasting contribution. | |||
The conclusion states whether you recommend the book, and what audience it suits. |
Find out more about research proposals in the next section.
Go back to the previous section about literature reviews .
Author: Sheldon Smith ‖ Last modified: 27 December 2022.
Sheldon Smith is the founder and editor of EAPFoundation.com. He has been teaching English for Academic Purposes since 2004. Find out more about him in the about section and connect with him on Twitter , Facebook and LinkedIn .
Compare & contrast essays examine the similarities of two or more objects, and the differences.
Cause & effect essays consider the reasons (or causes) for something, then discuss the results (or effects).
Discussion essays require you to examine both sides of a situation and to conclude by saying which side you favour.
Problem-solution essays are a sub-type of SPSE essays (Situation, Problem, Solution, Evaluation).
Transition signals are useful in achieving good cohesion and coherence in your writing.
Reporting verbs are used to link your in-text citations to the information cited.
Other frequently assigned papers, explore more of umgc.
Article and book reviews.
Some assignments may ask you to write a review of a book or journal article. Sometimes, students think a book report and a book review are the same. However, there are significant differences.
A book report summarizes the contents of the book, but a book review is a critical analysis of the book that describes, summarizes, and critiques the ideas in the book. A review is a means of going beyond the literal content of a source and is a tool for connecting ideas from a variety of academic sources. A review provides an objective analysis of ideas, support for opinions, and a way to evaluate your own opinions.
Some instructors like to assign book reviews to help students broaden their view of the subject matter and to give students practice in critically evaluating ideas in the subject area. Instructors often require that students follow existing review formats modeled in the journals in their disciplines.
If you are asked to use such formats, remember that citations for books and journal articles differ from discipline to discipline. Find out which style guide is appropriate for the discipline in which you are writing. (Refer to the discussion of style manuals in chapter 5 of this guide for more information.)
Reviews let you relate to authors and agree or disagree with their ideas. A review allows you to examine your understanding of a subject area in light of the ideas presented in the reviewed book and interact with the author and his or her ideas. Also, a book review helps your instructor evaluate your understanding of the subject matter and your ability to think competently in your discipline.
Here are some questions to keep in mind when you are writing a book review:
What exactly is the subject of the book? What are the author’s credentials to write about this subject? Is the title suggestive? Does the preface contain information about the author’s purpose?
What is the author’s thesis? Is it clearly stated, or do you have to dig it out of the facts and opinions? Does the author present the ideas in a balanced way? What are the author’s biases?
What organizational approach does the author use? Does the chosen organization support the author’s thesis effectively?
What conclusion or conclusions does the author draw? Does the conclusion agree with the thesis or stated purposes? How does the conclusion differ from or agree with your course textbook or other books you have read?
How has this book helped you understand the subject you are studying in the course? Would you recommend the book to your reader?
As you write your review, ask yourself these questions:
Have I represented the author and the ideas presented in the book in a fair and balanced way?
Does the ethical tone of my review prompt the reader to trust my judgment? (You may want to review the discussion on writing arguments in this chapter.)
Does my review reflect the interests of my readers and fulfill my reasons for writing the review?
Have I demonstrated my understanding of the content of the article or book I’m reviewing? Have I clearly addressed the major issues in the subject area?
Have I clearly stated my own biases as a reviewer?
Have I clearly expressed my position about how much or how little the author has contributed to my understanding of the subject in question? Have I recommended or not recommended the book to other prospective readers?
Have I checked my review for organizational, grammatical, and mechanical errors?
A book review or article review is a critical analysis of the material that describes, summarizes, and critiques the ideas presented. The purpose of a book or article review assignment is to broaden your knowledge base and understanding of a topic.
Mailing Address: 3501 University Blvd. East, Adelphi, MD 20783 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License . © 2022 UMGC. All links to external sites were verified at the time of publication. UMGC is not responsible for the validity or integrity of information located at external sites.
Chapter 1: College Writing
How Does College Writing Differ from Workplace Writing?
What Is College Writing?
Why So Much Emphasis on Writing?
Chapter 2: The Writing Process
Doing Exploratory Research
Getting from Notes to Your Draft
Prewriting - Techniques to Get Started - Mining Your Intuition
Prewriting: Targeting Your Audience
Prewriting: Techniques to Get Started
Prewriting: Understanding Your Assignment
Rewriting: Being Your Own Critic
Rewriting: Creating a Revision Strategy
Rewriting: Getting Feedback
Rewriting: The Final Draft
Techniques to Get Started - Outlining
Techniques to Get Started - Using Systematic Techniques
Thesis Statement and Controlling Idea
Writing: Getting from Notes to Your Draft - Freewriting
Writing: Getting from Notes to Your Draft - Summarizing Your Ideas
Writing: Outlining What You Will Write
Chapter 3: Thinking Strategies
A Word About Style, Voice, and Tone
A Word About Style, Voice, and Tone: Style Through Vocabulary and Diction
Critical Strategies and Writing
Critical Strategies and Writing: Analysis
Critical Strategies and Writing: Evaluation
Critical Strategies and Writing: Persuasion
Critical Strategies and Writing: Synthesis
Developing a Paper Using Strategies
Kinds of Assignments You Will Write
Patterns for Presenting Information
Patterns for Presenting Information: Critiques
Patterns for Presenting Information: Discussing Raw Data
Patterns for Presenting Information: General-to-Specific Pattern
Patterns for Presenting Information: Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern
Patterns for Presenting Information: Specific-to-General Pattern
Patterns for Presenting Information: Summaries and Abstracts
Supporting with Research and Examples
Writing Essay Examinations
Writing Essay Examinations: Make Your Answer Relevant and Complete
Writing Essay Examinations: Organize Thinking Before Writing
Writing Essay Examinations: Read and Understand the Question
Chapter 4: The Research Process
Planning and Writing a Research Paper
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Ask a Research Question
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Cite Sources
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Collect Evidence
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Decide Your Point of View, or Role, for Your Research
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Draw Conclusions
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Find a Topic and Get an Overview
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Manage Your Resources
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Outline
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Survey the Literature
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Work Your Sources into Your Research Writing
Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found? - Human Resources
Research Resources: What Are Research Resources?
Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found?
Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found? - Electronic Resources
Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found? - Print Resources
Structuring the Research Paper: Formal Research Structure
Structuring the Research Paper: Informal Research Structure
The Nature of Research
The Research Assignment: How Should Research Sources Be Evaluated?
The Research Assignment: When Is Research Needed?
The Research Assignment: Why Perform Research?
Chapter 5: Academic Integrity
Academic Integrity
Giving Credit to Sources
Giving Credit to Sources: Copyright Laws
Giving Credit to Sources: Documentation
Giving Credit to Sources: Style Guides
Integrating Sources
Practicing Academic Integrity
Practicing Academic Integrity: Keeping Accurate Records
Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material
Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material - Paraphrasing Your Source
Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material - Quoting Your Source
Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material - Summarizing Your Sources
Types of Documentation
Types of Documentation: Bibliographies and Source Lists
Types of Documentation: Citing World Wide Web Sources
Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations
Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - APA Style
Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - CSE/CBE Style
Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - Chicago Style
Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - MLA Style
Types of Documentation: Note Citations
Chapter 6: Using Library Resources
Finding Library Resources
Chapter 7: Assessing Your Writing
How Is Writing Graded?
How Is Writing Graded?: A General Assessment Tool
The Draft Stage
The Draft Stage: The First Draft
The Draft Stage: The Revision Process and the Final Draft
The Draft Stage: Using Feedback
The Research Stage
Using Assessment to Improve Your Writing
Chapter 8: Other Frequently Assigned Papers
Reviews and Reaction Papers: Article and Book Reviews
Reviews and Reaction Papers: Reaction Papers
Writing Arguments
Writing Arguments: Adapting the Argument Structure
Writing Arguments: Purposes of Argument
Writing Arguments: References to Consult for Writing Arguments
Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Anticipate Active Opposition
Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Determine Your Organization
Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Develop Your Argument
Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Introduce Your Argument
Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - State Your Thesis or Proposition
Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Write Your Conclusion
Writing Arguments: Types of Argument
Dictionaries
General Style Manuals
Researching on the Internet
Special Style Manuals
Writing Handbooks
Collaborative Writing: Assignments to Accompany the Group Project
Collaborative Writing: Informal Progress Report
Collaborative Writing: Issues to Resolve
Collaborative Writing: Methodology
Collaborative Writing: Peer Evaluation
Collaborative Writing: Tasks of Collaborative Writing Group Members
Collaborative Writing: Writing Plan
General Introduction
Peer Reviewing
Working with Your Instructor’s Comments and Grades
Devising a Writing Project Plan and Schedule
Reviewing Your Plan with Others
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book review
Word history.
1837, in the meaning defined at sense 1
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All Formats
Book reviews are documents that people see in different fields, including educational institutions and professional roles in an industry or organization, centering on providing feedback. Use book reviews to help middle school kids to college students construct proper formats for their next activity or project in literature , writing according to APA styles.
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Types of assets.
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When you sit down to calculate your net worth or do a full review of your finances, the first question you're faced with is: "What are your assets?" In the broadest sense of the word, the answer is: anything you own that has monetary value and can be exchanged for cash. Assets are owned by either individuals or companies. Whether it's a manufacturer with equipment that can be resold, or a person with a high-priced jewelry collection, if it's owned and has value, it's an asset. The most important feature of assets is that they can be used as resources to generate income today and in the future.
Accumulating assets can mean you are building wealth or acquiring items of value over time. When the things you own have some sort of value, you can always sell them and pocket the cash, whether you're a business or an individual. However, the way individuals manage their assets is different from the way companies do.
People tend to keep assets to build wealth so they can retire or use the assets as a financial resource. "An asset in the form of a dividend stock earns ongoing income for its owner and could be sold if needed, freeing up purchasing power," says Mark Berger, a CFP and Account Executive at Berger Financial Group .
With companies, on the other hand, assets represent items of value that can be used to promote or sustain growth in the business. This could be machinery used for manufacturing, inventory, annual sales, or receivables.
"Assets are listed on a balance sheet to show how they were accumulated," says Berger. "This helps companies keep track of what they own and can sell either within a fiscal year or what can be sold in the future once its value appreciates."
When you calculate your net worth, the formula is simple: assets minus liabilities. Liabilities are your debts and other financial obligations, while assets are what you own. So for example, if you own a home that is worth $250,000 but you owe $150,000 on your mortgage, that asset's value is $100,000.
It's important to determine the value of all your assets this way so you can use the information to calculate your net worth. If you have more debt than assets, your net worth will be negative. But it doesn't have to stay this way. What's important is knowing what your net worth is and tracking how it changes over time.
There are four main types of assets:
Liquid assets are things that can quickly and easily be converted to cash, such as bank accounts, certificates of deposit (CDs), stocks, or bonds. Liquid assets are unique in that not all your assets can be sold right now for cash without incurring some type of loss or fee on the sale.
These are things that take longer to convert to cash, including real estate, antiques, and collectibles. Your home would be an illiquid asset because even if you have a lot of equity in it, the sale could take a while depending on the local market conditions.
Tangible assets are physical things that you own. A tangible asset could be anything from cash in your bank account, to your car, and the furniture in your home. If you can physically touch and measure it, it's probably a tangible asset.
These types of assets are physical things and have a specific monetary value. Both businesses and individuals can own them. For example, a jewelry or art collection are both tangible assets a person might have. However, the concept of tangible assets most frequently appears in a business context.
Most companies evaluate two specific types of tangible assets: current and long-term. They're also called fixed or capital assets. The key differentiator between the two is how quickly the asset could be exchanged for cash. Among the most common are cash, equipment, inventory, real estate, machinery, land, and receivables.
"Your tangible assets are going to be anything to do with your transportation, your production capability, and manufacturing your service base," says Robert Smith , president and chief investment officer of Sage Advisory Services .
Intangible assets are non-physical items of value. They include things such as patents, copyrights, intellectual property, internet domain names, and a company's brand. You can't physically touch them, but they have value and can be converted into cash.
There are no limits based on age, contract, or regulatory obligations. Companies tend to record intangible assets on a balance sheet but include only things that the business buys or acquires (like a patent, email list, or a solid website) are included. The intangible asset must have a long life span and value that's clearly identifiable.
Sooner or later, a business will acquire an intangible asset, whether it's obtaining a license to operate, building the brand's name (which results in a direct increase of profit), or trademarking something. These assets can be acquired by:
There are also current assets and fixed assets, which you hear more about in a business context.
"Current assets are the category of a company's resources that are expected to be used over the course of normal business operations over the near term, less than one year into the future," says Matt Stucky, a senior portfolio manager with Northwestern Mutual Wealth Management Co.
Stucky says a company's current assets can offer a lens into how much liquidity the company will have to fund its everyday operations and meet near-term financial obligations. These short-term assets could include the money a company will use to pay employees or buy supplies, along with the inventory it's currently selling to customers.
Whether an asset gets classified as a current or noncurrent asset depends on how long the company expects it will take to turn the asset into cash. Assets must be used or converted within a year (or, within one operating cycle if that's longer than a year) to qualify.
A fixed asset is an accounting term that's used to distinguish between assets that will be quickly used up (i.e., current assets) and assets that will provide value for a longer period. A company's fixed assets may include the land, machinery, and other tangible equipment that it will use to create the products and services it sells.
Mike Zeiter, a CPA/PFS and CFP who runs Zeiter Tax Services , says generally, the easiest way to determine if something is considered a fixed asset is if it will last for more than one year.
Fixed assets are contrasted by current assets, which get used up within a single operating cycle. For example, a toy company may buy an assembly machine that will last 20 years (a fixed asset) and use it to combine toy parts (current assets) to create the toys it sells.
Fixed asset generally refers to tangible assets as opposed to intangible noncurrent assets, such as patents, trademarks, and goodwill. Fixed assets are also called noncurrent assets, long-term assets, or long-lived assets, and they're often listed under the property, plant, and equipment (PP&E) section of a company's balance sheet.
Assets can be valued in a few different ways. It's easy to determine the value of assets like stocks, bonds, and your 401(k) by simply checking their current market prices. For real estate, an appraisal is conducted which is an inspection of the property that also considers how much nearby homes were sold for in the same real estate market.
If you have antiques or collectibles, you may want to take them to a professional appraiser who can determine their age, condition, and origins.
Another way to determine the value of a real estate asset is with the cost approach. This focuses on replacement value, which is an estimate of the cost to rebuild an equivalent property if it was destroyed. With business assets, it's a little different. Companies keep track of their assets with a balance sheet and might use a formula to determine each asset's value.
"The discounted cash flow approach comes from corporate finance and is also the most flexible since it can be applied to personal finance decisions too," says Nick Borman, a CFP at Borman Wealth Management . "How it works is you use a formula to calculate the value of an investment today based on projections of how much money it could generate in the future."
Borman explains how in personal finance, one example of when the discounted cash flow analysis can be used is when someone is deciding whether they want to sell a house or rent one out by calculating the future rental income compared with the price of the house today if it sells today.
Whether tangible or intangible, assets are things you own that provide monetary value. No matter what your financial goals are, understanding your assets and knowing their value is very important since they are used to calculate your net worth and can be liquidated for cash. Consider listing out any assets you have currently and determining their value. Use this information to calculate your net worth. Also, explore the option of diversifying your assets among the four main types.
It’s a blueprint for what a second Trump administration could look like, dreamed up by his allies and former aides.
If Donald Trump struggled somewhat in his first administration to move the country dramatically to the right, he’ll be ready to go in a second term.
That’s the aim behind Project 2025, a comprehensive plan by former and likely future leaders of a Trump administration to remake America in a conservative mold while dramatically expanding presidential power and allowing Trump to use it to go after his critics.
The plan is gaining attention just as Trump is trying to moderate his stated positions to win the election, so he’s criticized some of what’s in it as “absolutely ridiculous and abysmal” and insisted that neither he nor his campaign had anything to do with Project 2025.
Still, what’s in this document is a pretty good indicator of what a second Trump presidency could look like. Here’s what Project 2025 is and how it could reshape America.
The centerpiece is a 900-page plan that calls for extreme policies on nearly every aspect of Americans’ lives, from mass deportations, to politicizing the federal government in a way that would give Trump control over the Justice Department, to cutting entire federal agencies, to infusing Christian nationalism into every facet of government policy by calling for a ban on pornography and promoting policies that encourage “marriage, work, motherhood, fatherhood, and nuclear families.”
This isn’t coming directly from the Trump campaign. But it should be taken seriously because of the people who wrote it, analysts say. The main organization behind the plan, the Heritage Foundation, is a revolving door for Trump officials (and Heritage is a sponsor of the Republican National Convention, which will hand him the nomination next week).
“This is meant as an organized statement of the Trumpist, conservative movement, both on policy and personnel, and politics,” said William Galston, head of governance studies at the Brookings Institution.
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Intellectual property accounts for some or all of the wealth of at least half of the world’s fifty richest people, and it has been estimated to account for fifty-two per cent of the value of U.S. merchandise exports. I.P. is the new oil. Nations sitting on a lot of it are making money selling it to nations that have relatively little. It’s therefore in a country’s interest to protect the intellectual property of its businesses.
But every right is also a prohibition. My right of ownership of some piece of intellectual property bars everyone else from using that property without my consent. I.P. rights have an economic value but a social cost. Is that cost too high?
I.P. ownership comes in several legal varieties: copyrights, patents, design rights, publicity rights, and trademarks. And it’s everywhere you look. United Parcel Service has a trademark on the shade of brown it paints its delivery trucks. If you paint your delivery trucks the same color, UPS can get a court to make you repaint them. Coca-Cola owns the design rights to the Coke bottle: same deal. Some models of the Apple Watch were taken off the market this past Christmas after the United States International Trade Commission determined that Apple had violated the patent rights of a medical-device firm called Masimo. (A court subsequently paused the ban.)
Read our reviews of the year’s notable new fiction and nonfiction.
In 2021, the N.C.A.A. began allowing college athletes to market their name, image, and likeness (N.I.L., the three elements of the right of publicity). Caitlin Clark, the University of Iowa women’s-basketball star, has an N.I.L. valued at around eight hundred thousand dollars a year. If you think there might conceivably be a gender gap here: LeBron James’s son Bronny, who played his first collegiate game on December 10th and scored four points in a losing effort, has an N.I.L. currently valued at $5.9 million.
Bob Dylan , Neil Young , and Stevie Nicks are among a number of artists who have recently sold the rights to some or all of their songs. Virtually every song that Bruce Springsteen has ever written is now owned by Sony, which is reported to have paid five hundred and fifty million dollars for the catalogue. Because the copyright clock does not start ticking until the demise of the creator, Sony could own those rights until past the end of the century. The longer the Boss lives, the richer Sony gets.
David Bellos and Alexandre Montagu use the story of Sony’s big Springsteen buy to lead off their lively, opinionated, and ultra-timely book, “ Who Owns This Sentence? A History of Copyrights and Wrongs ” (Norton), because it epitomizes the trend that led them to write it. The rights to a vast amount of created material—music, movies, books, art, games, computer software, scholarly articles, just about any cultural product people will pay to consume—are increasingly owned by a small number of large corporations and are not due to expire for a long time.
So what? There is little danger that Sony will keep Bruce Springsteen’s songs locked up. On the contrary, it is likely that, from now until 2100 or so, it will be impossible to escape the sound of Springsteen’s voice, because Sony needs to find lots of ways to recoup its investment. Sony enjoys no benefit from sitting on its property, and the music costs it almost nothing to disseminate. The company just needs someone to deposit the checks.
Sony will collect many of those checks from people like you and me. Our contribution will come out of things like the subscription and downloading fees we pay our music-streaming services. Considering the amount of music those services give us access to, a lifetime of Springsteen is costing us pennies. But there are some six hundred and sixteen million subscribers to music-streaming services out there—the number has more than doubled in the past four years, which is why all these catalogue sales are happening now—so the math looks good for Sony.
There are other lucrative revenue streams. Car manufacturers have been trying to buy a license to use “Born to Run” in their commercials almost since the song was released, in 1975. Unless Springsteen, who has so far largely avoided endorsements, attached conditions to the sale, which seems unlikely given the dollars on the table, their day has probably arrived.
Bellos, a comparative-literature professor at Princeton, and Montagu, an intellectual-property lawyer, find this kind of rent-seeking objectionable. They complain that corporate copyright owners “strut the world stage as the new barons of the twenty-first century,” and they call copyright “the biggest money machine the world has seen.” They point out that, at a time when corporate ownership of copyrights has boomed, the income of authors, apart from a few superstars, has been falling. They think that I.P. law is not a set of rules protecting individual rights so much as a regulatory instrument for business.
But what Bellos and Montagu are ultimately distressed about isn’t that businesses like Sony are sucking in large sums for the right to play music they didn’t create, or that you and I have to pay to listen to it. We always had to pay to listen to it. The problem, as they see it, is that corporate control of cultural capital robs the commons.
In an important sense, when Bruce Springsteen releases a song or Jorie Graham publishes a poem, it belongs to all the world. Musical compositions, poems, works of art, books, TikTok videos—every type of cultural product is a public good. Our species draws upon them for pleasure, for edification, for inspiration and motivation, and sometimes for a cheesy simulacrum of such things. Because of the digital revolution, more of these goods are available to more people at less cost than ever. And we can do almost anything we like with them. We can listen to the songs or read the poems as often as we want, and they can excite us to create songs and poems of our own. What we cannot do, for a finite period of time, is put copies of those things on the market.
That period is set by Congress, under a power enumerated in Article I of the Constitution: “To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.” The first federal copyright act, passed in 1790, set the term of copyright at fourteen years from the date when a work was submitted for registration, renewable for another fourteen years.
You no longer have to register a work to hold its copyright. And the duration of that copyright has been extended several times. Since 1978, it has been seventy years from the death of the creator. For “corporate authors”—that is, companies that pay employees to make stuff (known as “work for hire”)—it is now ninety-five years from the date of publication or a hundred and twenty years from the date of creation, whichever is shorter. Mickey Mouse, who was first “published” in 1928, entered the public domain at the beginning of this year—but only in his 1928 form. Updated Mickeys are still protected. In short, by the time a work created today enters the public domain, most of us will be dead. Many of us will be very dead.
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For you (probably) and me (definitely), the rights to our creations are not worth much money to anyone but ourselves. But, if you are the guy who wrote “Born to Run,” it is prudent to assign your rights to an entity that can pay you while you are alive some considerable portion of what your songs will be worth long after you are not. Bellos and Montagu argue that copyright law, originally enacted in Britain in the eighteenth century to protect publishers (and, to some extent, writers) from pirates, has evolved into a protection for corporate colossi with global reach. The law today treats companies as “authors,” and classifies things like the source code of software as “literary works,” giving software a much longer period of protection than it would have if it were classified only as an invention and eligible for a patent (now good for twenty years, with some exceptions).
Bellos and Montagu agree with many critics of contemporary copyright law that the current term of copyright is absurd. Often, we are locking away indefinitely stuff whose rights are owned by someone—an heir, an estate, some company that bought them along with other assets in a package—but no one knows who. For fear of a lawsuit, that material remains in a vault. A lot of video footage falls into this category, as do countless books that are out of print and music that can no longer be purchased in any format (much of Motown , for instance). There is no “use it or lose it” provision in copyright law.
Rights-owning heirs can be quite controlling, too. Martin Luther King, Jr. ,’s family, along with EMI Music Publishing, owns the rights to film and audio recordings of the “I Have a Dream” speech. In 1996, the King family sued CBS for using portions of the speech without permission—even though it was CBS that made the film for which King’s heirs were charging a licensing fee. “It has to do with the principle that if you make a dollar, I should make a dime” is how King’s son Dexter explained the thinking. An initial verdict for CBS was overturned on appeal, and the Kings settled for a cash payment (which evidently took the form of a contribution to the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change and thus was tax deductible). CBS can afford the litigation. The average person cannot.
Corporations themselves can squeeze you shamelessly. Bellos and Montagu tell the story of a documentary filmmaker who shot a scene in which a group of workers were sitting around playing a board game with a television set on in the background. The TV happened to be showing “The Simpsons,” and the filmmaker applied for permission to use the four seconds of the “Simpsons” episode that was visible in the shot. The studio wanted ten thousand dollars.
A particularly notorious “background” lawsuit was the “Dancing Baby” case. At issue was a twenty-nine-second YouTube video a mother had taken of her thirteen-month-old bouncing up and down to a Prince song, which is indistinctly audible for approximately twenty seconds. In 2007, Prince’s label alleged copyright infringement and forced YouTube to take down the video. The case ended up in court. The baby’s mother, Stephanie Lenz, prevailed in a lawsuit, but the litigation took a decade. That’s why an author who wants to reproduce a photograph in a book would, if the photograph includes a painting in the background, even a fragment, be well advised to get permission not just from the photograph’s rights holder but from the painting’s.
What makes this ridiculous is that most of the photographs you see in books are on the Web, where they can be viewed by billions of people for nothing. But authors have to pay a fee, often hundreds of dollars for a single image, to reproduce them in a work that will be read by, with luck, ten or twenty thousand people. The major rent seeker here is Getty Images, which, after buying up most of its rivals, now controls more than four hundred and seventy-seven million “assets”—stock images, editorial photography, video, and music—and is worth five billion dollars. If you want to reprint a news photograph, chances are that Getty controls the rights.
Most litigation over copyright, like Lenz’s suit, involves a term that has eluded precise judicial definition: fair use. Fair use is where the commons enters the picture. When Ezra Pound said “Make It New,” he meant that putting old expressions to new uses is how civilizations evolve. The higher the firewall protecting the old expressions, the less dynamic the culture has a chance to be.
As Bellos and Montagu repeatedly point out, all new creations derive from existing creations. In our head when we write a poem or make a movie are all the poems we have read or movies we have seen. Philosophers build on the work of prior philosophers; historians rely on other historians. The same principle applies to TikTok videos . The same principle applies, really, to life. Living is a group effort.
The no man’s land between acceptable borrowing and penalizable theft is therefore where most copyright wars are waged. One thing that makes borrowing legal is a finding that the use of the original material is “transformative,” but that term does not appear in any statute. It’s a judge-made standard and plainly subjective. Fair-use litigation can make your head spin, not just because the claims of infringement often seem far-fetched—where is the damage to the rights holder, exactly?—but because the outcomes are unpredictable. And unpredictability is bad for business.
The publisher of “ The Wind Done Gone ,” a 2001 retelling, by Alice Randall, of Margaret Mitchell’s “ Gone with the Wind ” from the perspective of a Black character, was sued for infringement by the owner of the Mitchell estate. The parties reached a settlement when Randall’s publisher, Houghton Mifflin, agreed to make a contribution to Morehouse College (a peculiar outcome, as though the estate of the author of “Gone with the Wind” were somehow the party that stood for improving the life chances of Black Americans). Then there’s the case of Demetrious Polychron, a Tolkien fan who was recently barred from distributing his sequel to “ The Lord of the Rings ,” titled “The Fellowship of the King.” Polychron had approached the Tolkien estate for permission and had been turned down, whereupon he self-published his book anyway, as the estate learned when it turned up for sale on Amazon.
In Randall’s case, Houghton Mifflin argued that the new novel represented a transformative use of Mitchell’s material because it told the story from a new perspective. It was plainly not written in the spirit of the original. In Polychron’s, the sequel was purposely faithful to the original. He called it “picture-perfect,” and it was clearly intended to be read as though Tolkien had written it himself. Polychron also brought his troubles on himself by first suing the Tolkien estate and Amazon for stealing from his book for the Amazon series “ The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power .” The suit was deemed “frivolous and unreasonably filed,” and it invited the successful countersuit.
Pop art, from Andy Warhol to Jeff Koons , is a lively arena for fair-use litigation, since the art deals explicitly with appropriated images. Very little is obviously “transformed.” Last spring, in Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith, the Supreme Court ruled that the foundation could not license the use of a Warhol work—featuring Prince, as it happens—that was silk-screened from a photograph by Lynn Goldsmith, a professional photographer.
The Court’s opinion, by Justice Sonia Sotomayor, largely restricted itself to the question of who had the right to license the image for use as a magazine illustration. It did not address the potentially explosive art-market question of whether Warhol’s Prince silk screens themselves (there are fourteen, plus two pencil drawings) are covered by fair use. Following his “Campbell’s Soup Cans” exhibition, in 1962, much of Warhol’s art reproduced images and designs made by other people. Are those works “transformative” because they’re Warhols? If I did the same thing, could I claim fair use?
The real circus act in copyright law, currently, is pop music. Pop is a highly formulaic art, and some amount of copying is pretty much inevitable. Most twelve-bar blues music is based on the same three chords. Much of jazz is built from the chord progression known as “rhythm changes.” Folk has a certain sound; rock has a certain sound; country has a certain sound. These sounds are created from a vocal and instrumental palette specific to each genre, and each genre has its own themes, tropes, imagery.
This is because although originality has high value in the fine arts, imitation—or, more precisely, imitation with a difference—has high value in entertainment media. People like the music they already like. Movies, too. If the first “Die Hard” is a hit, there is a sequel—in fact, four sequels. It’s the “Send more Chuck Berry” syndrome, the theory behind Pandora. Listeners want songs that sound like songs they enjoy, and a hit song spawns soundalikes seeking to cash in on what people are buying.
The insane part of all this is that I can record a cover—that is, a copy—of “Born to Run” without any permission at all. The legal requirement is only that I notify the rights holder and pay a royalty set by statute, which is currently about twelve cents per sale for a three-minute song. Unsurprisingly, a huge portion of the pop repertoire therefore is covers. There are at least fifty covers of “Born to Run,” including one by the London Symphony Orchestra. There are more than fifteen hundred Bob Dylan covers. There were six versions of “Try a Little Tenderness” before Otis Redding made his immortal 1966 recording with Booker T. & the M.G.s, a rendition without which the lives of many of us would be poorer.
But if I write a song that simply shares a few musical elements with “Born to Run”—“substantial similarity” is the legal standard—I could be in trouble. The similarity does not have to be deliberate. George Harrison was found liable for “subconscious” infringement when he used chords from the Chiffons’ hit “He’s So Fine,” from 1963, in his 1970 song “My Sweet Lord,” and had to pay five hundred and eighty-seven thousand dollars. Harrison knew that “this combination of sounds would work,” the judge wrote, because it had already worked. Yes, that seems to be the way the music business operates.
To be found liable for subconscious infringement, you do at least have to have heard the song you’re accused of stealing from. In 1983, a jury found that the Bee Gees had borrowed illegally from a song by Roland Selle called “Let It End” when they wrote “How Deep Is Your Love,” but the verdict was thrown out on appeal because the plaintiff had not established that the Bee Gees could have heard his song, which he had distributed as a demo. The initial finding of “substantial similarity” was purely serendipitous.
In 2015, a jury decided that Robin Thicke and Pharrell Williams had copied Marvin Gaye ’s “Got to Give It Up” in their hit “Blurred Lines.” Although the question of whether there were specific musical elements in common was contested, the jury evidently thought that they had a similar “feel.” Thicke and Williams had to pay the Gaye family $5.3 million plus fifty per cent of future revenues.
The finding shocked a lot of people in the legal and music worlds, and a backlash against the “Blurred Lines” verdict seems to have made it a little harder for music infringement claims to stick. The group Spirit had a plausible case that Led Zeppelin had borrowed the arpeggiated chords that open “Stairway to Heaven” from Spirit’s “Taurus”: the chords are not completely identical but they do sound a lot alike, and Led Zeppelin used to open for Spirit. Still, in 2016, a California jury sided with Led Zeppelin, in a verdict that survived appeal.
And, last spring, the singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran was found not liable for copying another Gaye song , “Let’s Get It On.” During the trial, Sheeran brought his guitar with him to the witness stand and demonstrated to the jury that the four-chord progression in his song was common in pop music. Sheeran is a charming fellow, and the jury was duly swayed. “I am unbelievably frustrated that baseless claims like this are allowed to go to court at all,” he said after the trial. But the legal uncertainty is an incentive to sue, since settlement dollars can be significant. (If you lose, though, the Copyright Act gives the court the discretion to make you pay the defendant’s attorney fees.)
The uncertainty exists because juries differ, but also because the goalposts move. The different results in the “Blurred Lines” and the “Stairway to Heaven” lawsuits had partly to do with something called the “inverse ratio” rule, a judge-made rule invented to establish the degree of similarity required for legal liability. Inverse ratio dictates that the more access the defendant had to the original work, the lower the bar for establishing substantial similarity. Which makes little sense. The court—the Ninth Circuit, where many entertainment-industry cases end up—applied the rule in the former case and then turned around and declared it void in the latter.
Judicial competence is also an issue. There is a special court for patent and trademark claims, which sits in Washington, D.C. But judges assigned in copyright cases generally know little about the fields in which fair-use concerns arise. This is why the matter of what’s “transformative” is such a judicial gray area. In a rather heated dissent in the Warhol case, Elena Kagan complained that Justice Sotomayor and the rest of the majority had no understanding of art. To know why a Warhol silk screen counts as transformative, or to give musical definition to a song’s “feel,” you need a kind of expertise that most judges—most people—don’t have.
Competence is also likely to be a factor in cases arising on the next frontier in I.P., artificial intelligence. Bellos and Montagu end their book with the intriguing suggestion that A.I. may be the technology that brings the whole legal structure of copyright down.
From a historical perspective, generative A.I. is just the latest in a line of innovations that have put pressure on copyright law. These include photography, which was not declared copyrightable until the second half of the nineteenth century; radio, which triggered a war between the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers ( ASCAP ), which licenses performance rights for music, and the broadcast companies over whether on-air play of a song requires payment of a royalty ( ASCAP won); and photocopying. Is a Xerox copy of an article or a book illegal under the terms of copyright law? How about a six-line poem? It is, after all, a copy, even if it was not made with a printing press.
The Internet spawned all kinds of methods for accessing copyrighted material and circumventing copyright claims. Napster, launched in 1999, is the landmark example. Its peer-to-peer file-sharing system was determined to be piracy, but Napster still revolutionized the music industry by moving it into the streaming business. Performance revenue aside, music income now comes primarily not from CD sales but from licensing deals. Spotify is a direct descendant of the Napster case.
On the other hand, in Authors Guild v. Google, decided in 2015, courts upheld the legality of Google Books, even though it is a Web site that was created by scanning tens of millions of books without permission from the copyright holders. That case didn’t even go to trial. Google won in summary judgment under the principle of fair use, and an appeals court held that Google Books’ copying had a “highly convincing transformative purpose” and did not constitute copyright infringement. The outcome portends trouble for parties with copyright cases against companies that use A.I.
Still, no one knows how courts will apply the current statutory authority—the Copyright Act of 1976 and subsequent amendments—to generative A.I. , a technology whose capacities were barely contemplated in 1976. Apps like ChatGPT are large language models (L.L.M.s), meaning that they have “learned” by being “trained” on enormous amounts of digital information. What the models are “learning” are not even sentences but “tokens,” which are often pieces of words. When functioning properly, a model predicts, based on a statistical calculation, what token comes next.
This has been mocked as simply an advanced form of autofill. But, when I write a sentence, I, too, am trying to guess the best next word. It just doesn’t feel especially “auto.” One big difference is that, since I fancy myself a writer, I am trying to avoid , wherever possible, the statistically most common solution.
It is thought that a significant percentage of the token sequences that the L.L.M.s have trained on come from the Web sites of news organizations, whose material is copyrighted. The models are also believed to train on text in so-called shadow libraries, like Library Genesis and Z-Library, which include millions of pages of copyrighted material. A key legal question is whether the training process has involved copying this text and, if so, whether any or all of this process is protected by fair use.
I.P. experts completely disagree about what the answer should be. There are multiple legal challenges under way, which will probably result in cases argued in different venues producing inconsistent results. Ideally, this is an area where Congress, under its Article I power, would decide on the rules, but Congress these days is not exactly a well-oiled legislative machine.
Courts have already ruled that search engines, like Google and Bing, which scour enormous amounts of copyrighted material on the Web, are protected by fair use, because the thumbnail images and text snippets they display when you conduct a search qualify as “transformative.” Are generative-A.I. systems so different from search software in this respect?
The comedian and memoirist Sarah Silverman and two other writers have sued the tech companies Meta and OpenAI for copyright infringement. (Most of the suit was dismissed by a federal judge last November.) John Grisham and Jodi Picoult are part of a separate writers’ lawsuit, and there are others. It’s not obvious what sort of relief writers can ask for. Silverman’s memoir is protected against piracy by copyright. Someone else can’t print and sell a substantially similar work. But, in an L.L.M., her text is a drop in an ocean of digital data. There is no reason to think that well-known, best-selling writers such as Grisham and Picoult are somehow losing more to L.L.M.s than an equally prolific author of self-published guides to home repair is. Since A.I. technologies feed on the entire online universe of words and images, everyone, even if their creative activities are limited to taking selfies or posting tuna-casserole recipes, could sue. To an L.L.M., it’s tokens all the way down.
But the lawsuits keep on coming. Last winter, Getty Images sued Stability AI for what it called “brazen theft and freeriding” on a “staggering scale.” And, in December, the Times sued OpenAI and Microsoft, claiming that those companies are liable for “billions of dollars in statutory and actual damages” for their use of the Times ’ archives.
The Times claims, for example, that Bing, Microsoft’s search engine, which uses OpenAI’s ChatGPT, provided results that substantially copied verbatim from the paper’s Wirecutter content, which makes money when readers use its links to sites where they can purchase recommended goods. (In effect, Bing visited the Wirecutter pages and then got the ChatGPT engine to paraphrase them closely.) The links were not included in Bing’s version, and so the Times lost money.
Some of these legal challenges can be met by licensing agreements, which is how music companies responded to the Napster episode. The Associated Press has agreed to license the use of its reporting to ChatGPT, and additional licensing deals have been consummated or are in the works. Other kinds of guardrails around the use of A.I. in the workplace can be erected through collective bargaining, as happened this fall after the Writers Guild of America, which represents more than eleven thousand screenwriters, and the Screen Actors Guild went on strike. Might similar guardrails be used to protect—oh, I don’t know—writers for weekly magazines?
Another question is whether works created by A.I. are themselves copyrightable. Last August, a federal court ruled that machine-made works are not copyrightable—in the court’s words, that “human authorship is a bedrock requirement of copyright.” But that conclusion is likely to be tested soon. After all, a camera is a machine. Why is it that, if I bring my Leica to a back-yard fireworks display, my photograph is eligible for copyright protection, but if I prompt Dall-E 3, an OpenAI service, to make me a photograph of fireworks, the image it produces might not be?
People loved the A.I.-generated version of Johnny Cash singing a Taylor Swift song, which was posted online last year by a person in Texas named Dustin Ballard. But who owns it? Could Taylor Swift sue? Probably not, since it’s a cover. Does the Cash estate have an ownership claim? Not necessarily, since you can’t copyright a style or a voice. Dustin Ballard? He neither composed nor performed the song. No one? Does it belong to all the world?
Some people may say that A.I. is robbing the commons. But A.I. is only doing what I do when I write a poem. It is reviewing all the poems it has encountered and using them to make something new. A.I. just “remembers” far more poems than I can, and it makes new poems a lot faster than I ever could. I don’t need permission to read those older poems. Why should ChatGPT? Are we penalizing a chatbot for doing what all human beings do just because it does so more efficiently? If the results are banal, so are most poems. God knows mine are.
Whatever happens, the existential threats of A.I. will not be addressed by copyright law. What we’re looking at right now is a struggle over money. Licensing agreements, copyright protections, employment contracts—it’s all going to result in a fantastically complex regulatory regime in which the legal fiction of information “ownership” gives some parties a bigger piece of the action than other parties. Life in an A.I. world will be very good for lawyers. Unless, of course, they are replaced with machines. ♦
An earlier version of this article misstated the royalty rate for a three-minute cover song.
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Former President Donald Trump selected Ohio Sen. J.D. Vance on Monday to be his 2024 vice-presidential running mate.
Vance, who grew up in Jackson, Kentucky, and Middletown, Ohio, skyrocketed to fame as the author of “Hillbilly Elegy.” The book later turned into a movie of the same name that was released in 2020.
Here's what to know about "Hillbilly Elegy."
Yes. Vance described a childhood consumed by poverty and abuse in "Hillbilly Elegy," his best-selling 2016 memoir . Vance's mother struggled with drug addiction, so he spent many of his formative years with his grandmother – known to him as Mamaw. The book, which has 4.3/5 stars out of over 96,000 ratings on Amazon, also touches on his journey to a Yale Law School degree that opened doors for him in Silicon Valley.
"Hillbilly Elegy" later turned into a Netflix feature film of the same name.
The movie inspired by Vance's book released to Netflix in 2020. Directed by Ron Howard, it stars Amy Adams and Glenn Close. Vance's character is played by Gabriel Basso. Owen Asztalos also plays the younger version of him.
The IMDB description says, "An urgent phone call pulls a Yale Law student back to his Ohio hometown , where he reflects on three generations of family history and his own future."
The film, which is rated R, received a 6.7/10 on IMDB and 25% on Rotten Tomatoes .
According to Decider , "Hillbilly Elegy" was partially filmed in Vance's hometown of Middletown, Ohio, as well as Atlanta and Clayton, Georgia.
Vance's parents are Donald Bowman and Bev Vance. The two divorced when he was a toddler, according to Politico . In the movie, Bev Vance's character is played by Amy Adams.
The film is available to stream on Netflix.
Middletown is located in Ohio's Butler and Warren counties, the southwest portion of the state. It's part of the Greater Cincinnati area.
Who is JD Vance? Vice presidential candidate has multiple ties to Columbus
The 2025 Presidential Transition Project, more commonly known as 'Project 2025' has stirred controversy in recent weeks.
Following the attempted assassination of former President Donald Trump on July 13, and the start of the 2024 Republican National Convention just days later, the political playbook of Project 2025 adds yet another layer of discourse surrounding the GOP.
Trump has since claimed to know nothing about Project 2025 and "disagree with some of the things they’re saying, and some of the things they’re saying are absolutely ridiculous and abysmal," he wrote in a July 5 post on Truth Social . "Anything they do, I wish them luck, but I have nothing to do with them.”
Here's what we know about Project 2025.
Project 2025 is a plan created by The Heritage Foundation to usher in the country's next conservative president, but whether or not that includes Trump is uncertain.
The conservative blueprint has policy recommendations that are divided into four pillars, according to a Heritage Foundation article : a policy agenda, a personnel database known as the "Conservative LinkedIn," Presidential Administration Academy training, and a playbook for the first 180 days of the next Administration in an effort that the organization claims will "pave the way for an effective conservative Administration."
Some of the main proposals of the 900-page initiative drew concern among political groups, and as of now, there aren't many conservatives who have openly supported the idea. Per USA TODAY , here are some takeaways from Project 2025:
The Heritage Foundation , with the help of other conservative groups, introduced the roadmap and is the organization that created Project 2025. The people behind Project 2025 include Paul Dans and Spencer Chretien, who worked under the Trump administration and serve as directors of the effort. Dans was Trump's former chief of staff at the Office of Personnel Management, while Chretien was the former special assistant to Trump and associate director of Presidential Personnel.
Project 2025 was published in April 2023, according to USA TODAY. A conservative commentary piece by the Associate Director Spencer Chretien outlined the initiative in January 2023, stating that "It’s past time to lay the groundwork for a White House more friendly to the right."
The plan faced a wave of criticism by President Joe Biden, who said in a video posted to X that "Project 2025 will destroy America." Democrats, such as Representative Jasmine Crockett (D-Texas), have also called it a "playbook for authoritarianism." The 920-page plan was created by The Heritage Foundation , a conservative think tank. Several key figures involved in Project 2025 also worked in Trump's first administration .
This blueprint has become a major talking point among left- and right-wing supporters. Regarding the goal of Project 2025, The Heritage Foundation said that "With the right conservative policy recommendations and properly vetted and trained personnel to implement them, we will take back our government." Project 2025 is a wish list for conservative policies, that, if successful, could sway the opinions of voters this November, USA TODAY reported.
About the standards.
The Standards for Integrity and Independence in Accredited Continuing Education are designed to:
The Standards were released in December 2020 and went into effect on January 1, 2022, replacing the Standards for Commercial Support: Standards to Ensure Independence in CME Activities.
Accredited CME providers need to comply with the Standards that are applicable to their organizations by January 1, 2022.
The Standards have been adopted by accrediting bodies representing multiple health professions and the principles are incorporated into international guidelines for continuing professional development for health professionals.
Resilience is the process and outcome of successfully adapting to difficult or challenging life experiences, especially through mental, emotional, and behavioral flexibility and adjustment to external and internal demands.
A number of factors contribute to how well people adapt to adversities, including the ways in which individuals view and engage with the world, the availability and quality of social resources, and specific coping strategies.
Psychological research demonstrates that the resources and skills associated with resilience can be cultivated and practiced.
Adapted from the APA Dictionary of Psychology
Building your resilience
Resilience for teens: 10 tips to build skills on bouncing back from rough times
Resilience guide for parents and teachers
Nature Meets Nurture
The Pain Survival Guide, Rev. Ed.
Motivation Myth Busters
Building Psychological Resilience in Military Personnel
The Hugging Tree
Doug’s Dung
New Kid, New Scene
You Are Your Strong
What to Do When Mistakes Make You Quake, Revised
Risk and Resilience in Sexual and Gender Minority Relationships
Somos Latinxs
Resilience and Perseverance for Human Flourishing
Trauma, Aging, and Well-Being
Resilience and Trauma
It is a fantasy, but the book draws inspiration from the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Rape of Nanking. Crime Fiction Lover reviews Jessica Barry's Freefall, a crime novel: In some crime novels, the wrongdoing hits you between the eyes from page one. With others it's a more subtle process, and that's OK too.
Step 1: Planning Your Book Review - The Art of Getting Started. You've decided to take the plunge and share your thoughts on a book that has captivated (or perhaps disappointed) you. Before you start book reviewing, let's take a step back and plan your approach.
Book reviews mean to serve as research of a book or topic. Book reviews typically range from 500 to 2,000 words in length and provide critical analysis of the book being reviewed. Book reviews ...
Definition. A book review is a thorough description, critical analysis, and/or evaluation of the quality, meaning, and significance of a book, often written in relation to prior research on the topic. ... For example, a book that is presenting original research about a topic may require a different set of questions to ask yourself than a work ...
How to Write a Book Review: Consider a Book's Promise. A book makes a promise with its cover, blurb, and first pages. It begins to set expectations the minute a reader views the thumbnail or cover. Those things indicate the genre, tone, and likely the major themes. If a book cover includes a lip-locked couple in flowing linen on a beach, and ...
The review should tell a reader what the book seeks to do and offer an appraisal of how well the author (s) accomplished this goal. That is why this is a "critical" book review. You are analyzing the book, not simply describing it. A review assumes that the readers know the vocabulary of the discipline. For example, a reviewer of a book on the ...
A review is a critical evaluation of a text, event, object, or phenomenon. Reviews can consider books, articles, entire genres or fields of literature, architecture, art, fashion, restaurants, policies, exhibitions, performances, and many other forms. This handout will focus on book reviews.
The real value of crafting a well-written book review for a student does not lie in their ability to impact book sales. Understanding how to produce a well-written book review helps students to: Engage critically with a text. Critically evaluate a text. Respond personally to a range of different writing genres.
Let's look once more at Stefan's review for an example of a rating that includes an explanation of the reviewer's own bias. Bonus tips for writing a book review. Let's wrap up with a few final tips for writing a compelling review. Remember, this isn't a book report. If someone wants the summary of a book, they can read the synopsis.
How to write a book review. Note down the key points- This is an important step before writing a book review. Jot down your analysis about the characters, themes, plot, and your personal view. Also, note down the book title, author's name, and any relevant information about the book. Start with a strong introduction- Mention the author's ...
How to Write a Book Review: 3 Main Elements of a Book Review. Written by MasterClass. Last updated: Feb 23, 2022 • 2 min read. A book review provides critique and analysis of a book for potential readers. Learn how to write a book review, so you can effectively share your opinion about a text. A book review provides critique and analysis of a ...
A book review addresses the subject matter of a literary work, and assesses effectiveness and value. Book reviews keep publishers and the public aware of what is being thought and written in a wide range of subjects. When a new book is issued, copies are sent to reviewers; subsequent reviews appear in literary magazines, academic journals ...
A book review is a form of literary criticism in which a book is merely described (summary review) or analyzed based on content, style, and merit.. A book review may be a primary source, an opinion piece, a summary review, or a scholarly view. Books can be reviewed for printed periodicals, magazines, and newspapers, as school work, or for book websites on the Internet.
Book Review Structure. A book review outline usually follows a structured format with an introduction, main body, and conclusion. Introduction. This section introduces the book, mentioning its title, author, genre, and publication details. It gives a brief overview of the book's premise and main themes to provide context for the reader. Main Body
An academic book review provides the main ideas, and since published book reviews typically have a limited word count, the summary should remain brief. Analysis and Significance. Compare the book and its argument with the other literature on the topic. Discuss its contribution to past and current research and literature.
1. Read a Book and Take Notes. The first phase of composing a book review involves reading it and taking notes on key points. Start by attending closely to the preface and introduction sections because most authors describe the reasons for writing, their views, and the perspectives of any contributors here.
Book reviews typically evaluate recently-written works. They offer a brief description of the text's key points and often provide a short appraisal of the strengths and weaknesses of the work. Readers sometimes confuse book reviews with book reports, but the two are not identical. Book reports commonly describe what happens in a work; their ...
Definition of genre A book review both describes and evaluates a work of fiction or non-fiction. It describes a book's over-all purpose, its structure, and style of narration, attempting to place the book in a larger context by comparing ... Examples Any of the below publications will give you a good idea of what a book review for a general ...
What is a book review? A book review describes and critically evaluates a (usually recent) book. Like any kind of review, for example a review of a film or television programme, it will offer a description of the main points, consider the strengths and weaknesses, and give an overall evaluation, in order to allow the reader to decide whether or not it will be of interest to them and therefore ...
A book review or article review is a critical analysis of the material that describes, summarizes, and critiques the ideas presented. The purpose of a book or article review assignment is to broaden your knowledge base and understanding of a topic. Mailing Address: 3501 University Blvd. East, Adelphi, MD 20783.
book review: [noun] a descriptive and critical or evaluative account of a book.
Book Review Definition & Meaning. A book review is an evaluation document that contains information about newly released books with a brief description of the book's main ideas, like its theme and characters.. A book review also contains a short outline of the strengths and weaknesses of the book for a thorough evaluation coming from the reviewer to the author.
See how we rate investing products to write unbiased product reviews. ... So for example, if you own a home that is worth $250,000 but you owe $150,000 on your mortgage, that asset's value is ...
Cut the Education Department: Project 2025 would make extensive changes to public schooling, cutting longtime low-income and early education federal programs like Head Start, for example, and even ...
Intellectual property accounts for some or all of the wealth of at least half of the world's fifty richest people, and it has been estimated to account for fifty-two per cent of the value of U.S ...
For example, our Similarity Report guidance on help.turnitin is repeated in numerous places to cater for each individual integration and license type. On guides.turnitin this content will exist in a single place to allow for users of all integrations and licenses to find it easily. We have made slight modifications to these guides to help you ...
The book later turned into a movie of the same name that was released in 2020. Here's what to know about "Hillbilly Elegy." Is JD Vance's 'Hillbilly Elegy' based on a true story?
What are the key highlights of Project 2025? Some of the main proposals of the 900-page initiative drew concern among political groups, and as of now, there aren't many conservatives who have ...
Standards are designed to ensure that accredited continuing education serves the needs of patients and the public, is based on valid content, and is free from commercial influence.
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Manufactured by a variety of yacht building companies, there are currently 149 trimaran yachts for sale on YachtWorld, with 49 new vessels for sale, and 100 used and custom yachts listed. These vessels are all listed by professional yacht brokers and boat dealerships and new boat dealers, mainly in the following countries: United States, France ...
Encuentra 1241 catamaranes y trimaranes en venta cerca tuyo, incluyendo barcos de ocasión, nuevos, precios, fotos y más. Encuentra 1241 distribuidores de barcos y encuentra tu barco en YachtWorld.
Encuentra 145 trimaranes en venta cerca tuyo, incluyendo barcos de ocasión, nuevos, precios, fotos y más. Encuentra 145 distribuidores de barcos y encuentra tu barco en YachtWorld.
TrimaranBarcos en venta 8 Barcos disponibles. Currency € - EUR - Euro ... S/V Aldebaran is a 1968 Trimar 42 trimaran for sale by owner. She is currently sailing in the Tuamotus and will be hauled out in Raiatea for routine maintenance and anti-fouling paint in September 2024. Aldebaran is a Papeetized vessel - French Polynesian import tax has ...
2022 Neel 43. US$525,000. Performance Yacht Sales | Key Largo, Florida. <. 1. >. * Price displayed is based on today's currency conversion rate of the listed sales price. Boats Group does not guarantee the accuracy of conversion rates and rates may differ than those provided by financial institutions at the time of transaction. Find Trimaran ...
Encuentra barcos Trimarán en venta. 153 barcos. Artículos, recursos. 1 de 10 páginas. España ES. Estados Unidos Canada Australia Reino Unido Alemania Francia Italia Países bajos Barcos en venta ... Custom Bat Kare 42 Trimaran . Buddina, Queensland, Australia. 2006. €252.285
Large selection of options and best price offers on Тримаран Weta from the owner of the vessel. Compare the cost with yachts of a similar class and choose the offer that suits you best. Price Тримаран Weta in the YachtCharterInFranceYacht catalog from 9 005€ on Russia. Affordable yachts and motor boats for boat trips in the company of friends and comfortable family vacations
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Otra ventaja de los trimaranes es que no necesitan la pesada quilla lastrada, por lo que es más fácil sacarlos del agua o remolcarlos. Encuentra trimaranes en venta cerca de ti, incluyendo información sobre precios, fotografías y mucho más. ¡Encuentra tu barco en Cosas de Barcos!
El espacio habitable de un trimarán, concentrado únicamente en el casco central, se reduce en comparación con el de un catamarán o un monocasco, por esta razón si prefieres más comodidad y espacio, es conveniente que optes por estos dos últimos. Los flotadores pueden contener a veces compartimentos de almacenamiento.
Los diferentes Trimaranes que tenemos disponibles para la venta en Boatshop24 pueden costar entre 15,933 € y 1,163,536 €. Encuentra 41 trimaranes en venta cerca de ti y consulta toda la infomarción que necesites: precios de barcos de ocasión, barcos nuevos, precios, fotos y mucho más. Localiza distribuidores de barcos y encuentra tu ...
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Custom Built 40 ft Trimaran Velero / trimarán de vela : Custom built/Eigenbau , barco de ocasión , barco de madera Eslora x manga: 12 m x 6,20 m, 12 x 6,20 m año de fab.: 2006 , camarotes: 1 Motor: Yanmar, 20 hp (15 kW) , diesel € 95.000
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Canmar Yacht Sales has been in business for over twenty years and operates on the banks of the North Arm of the mighty Fraser River. Our location in Richmond B.C., a suburb of Van
Large selection of options and best price offers on Тримаран Weta from the owner of the vessel. Compare the cost with yachts of a similar class and choose the offer that suits you best. Price Тримаран Weta in the YachtCharterInItalyYacht catalog from 12 187€ on Russia. Affordable yachts and motor boats for boat trips in the company of friends and comfortable family vacations
Trimarans d'occasion et neuf. 99 annonces. 49 annonces. Marques de trimarans. Trouvez 148 des trimarans à vendre près de chez vous, y compris des bateaux neufs et d'occasion, des prix de bateaux, des photos et plus encore. Localisez les concessionnaires de bateaux et trouvez votre bateau sur YachtWorld.
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